Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions
“What did you do last night?” the policeman asked the woman.




A.The policeman asked the woman what did she do the night before.
B.The policeman asked the woman what she had done the night before.
C.The policeman asked the woman what had she done the night before.
D.The policeman asked the woman what she did the night before.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions 12-19.
Scientists have identified two ways in which species disappear. The first is through ordinary or ‘background’ extinctions, where species that fail to adapt are slowly replaced by more adaptable life forms. The second is when large numbers of species go to the wall in relatively short periods of biological time. There have been five such extinctions, each provoked by cataclysmic evolutionary events caused by some geological eruption, climate shift, or space junk slamming into the Earth. Scientists now believe that another mass extinction of species is currently under way – and this time human fingerprints are on the trigger.
How are we are doing it? Simply by demanding more and more space for ourselves. In our assault on the ecosystems around us we have used a number of tools, from spear and gun to bulldozer and chainsaw. Certain especially rich ecosystems have proved the most vulnerable. In Hawaii more than half of the native birds are now gone – some 50 species. Such carnage has taken place all across the island communities of the Pacific and Indian oceans. While many species were hunted to extinction, others simply succumbed to the ‘introduced predators’ that humans brought with them: the cat, the dog, the pig, and the rat.
Today the tempo of extinction is picking up speed. Hunting is no longer the major culprit, although rare birds and animals continue to be butchered for their skin, feathers, tusks, and internal organs, or taken as savage pets. Today the main threat comes from the destruction of the habitat of wild plants, animals, and insects need to survive. The draining and damming of wetland and river courses threatens the aquatic food chain and our own seafood industry. Overfishing and the destruction of fragile coral reefs destroy ocean biodiversity. Deforestation is taking a staggering toll, particularly in the tropics where the most global biodiversity is at risk. The shrinking rainforest cover of the Congo and Amazon river basins and such place as Borneo and Madagascar have a wealth of species per hectare existing nowhere else. As those precious hectares are drowned or turned into arid pasture and cropland, such species disappear forever.
Source: Final Countdown Practice Tests by D.F Piniaris, Heinle Cengage Learning, 2010
What was the main threat to biodiversity in Hawaii and other islands in the Pacific and Indian oceans until recently?




A.tools used by human beings
B.human assault on ecosystems
C.vulnerable rich ecosystems
D.hunters and introduced predators

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions 7-11.
A Working Vacation
Have you ever wondered what it would be like to get your dream job? It can take years to get the education and develop the skills you need for the perfect job. However, there is a way to experience your dream job without having to get the required training or degree. Since 2004, Brian Kurth’s company, Vocation Vacations, has been connecting people with mentors who have the jobs of their dreams.
Kurth had been working for a phone company before starting his own company. He didn’t like his job, and he had a long time to think about it on his drive to and from work. He also thought about his dream job while driving. He was interested in becoming a dog trainer, but he didn’t want to take any chances and switch to a field he didn’t have experience in. He really wanted to know what the job was like and if it was realistic for him to work towards his goal. So, he found a mentor – a dog trainer that could tell him about the job and everything it involved. After that, he helped his friends find mentors to explore jobs they were interested in. They thought it was helpful to talk to people who had their dream jobs before spending lots of time and money getting the training they needed for those jobs.
Kurth saw how much this helped his friends, so he decided to turn it into his business. He started Vocation Vacations in 2004, and by 2005, the company was offering experience with over 200 dream jobs. Today, about 300 mentors work with the company to share their knowledge about their jobs. Customers pay to experience the job of their dreams and work with these mentors to see what a job is really like. A “job vacation” costs between 350USD and 3,000USD and can be for one to three days. Many people use Vocation Vacations to see if their dream job is a career path they want to continue. Others do it just to experience the job of their dreams one time.
Vocation Vacations jobs are in the fields of fashion, food, entertainment, sports and animals. Many people want to try glamorous jobs. For example, they want to try working as actors, music producers, photographers and fashion designers. According to Kurth, some other popular dream jobs are working as bakers, hotel managers and wedding planners.
Source: Summit 2 by Pearson Education, 2017
All of the following are true about Vocation Vacations EXCEPT ______.




A.it belongs to Brian Kurth
B.the company was started in 2004
C.the company hires about 300 mentors
D.it provides jobs in many different fields

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each the following questions.
Many consumers are prejudiced against commercial goods made in that country. They reject them without even before trying first.




A.fair
B.biased
C.unreasonable
D.distinguishable

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.
They left the concert hall. The fire alarm went off right afterwards.




A.They left the concert hall just as the fire alarm went off.
B.The fire alarm had gone off before they left the concert hall.
C.They were leaving the concert hall when the fire alarm went off.
D.No sooner had they left the concert hall than the fire alarm went off.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 38 to 45.
Oxford University scientists have launched an attempt to bring the Northern White Rhinoceros back from beyond the “point of no return” using IVF (In Vitro Fertilization). The team believes a pioneering treatment can prompt a revival of the persecuted species, despite the death last year of the last known male and the fact that the two remaining females, Najin and Fatu, cannot have calves.
One of two subspecies of White Rhinoceros, the Northern Rhinoceros once ranged over tracts of Uganda, Sudan, Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of Congo. However, the value of its horns saw it poached from a population of approximately 500 to 15 in the 1970s and 1980s. A small recovery - numbers reached 32 - from the early 1990s was then reversed from 2003 when illegal hunting intensified again.
The Oxford researchers believe that it will be possible to remove ovarian tissue from the animals and stimulate it to produce eggs, which would then be fertilised from sperm preserved from male Northern White Rhinoceros. The embryos would then be implanted into a surrogate mother of a similar species, probably a Southern White Rhinoceros. The technique has been used successfully in mice for nearly two decades; it has also been accomplished for some species of dog, horse and cat. However, it has never been attempted before on a rhinoceros, meaning the Oxford team plan to perfect it first by conducting a series of trials on ovarian tissue taken from a Southern White Rhinoceros.
In principle, the benefit of removing ovarian tissue for use in the lab is that it can go on producing eggs. Other researchers are exploring the possibility of using the remaining Northern White Rhinoceros sperm to cross-breed with Southern White Rhinoceros, however, Dr Williams believes the focus should be on preserving the identity of the northern species. “This will be a huge buffer against disease and ill-health in the long-term, and give the new herds better genetic ability to adapt to changing environments in the future.”
Najin was born in captivity in 1989 and Fatu in 2000. They both belong to the Cvur Kralove Zoo in the Czech Republic, which shipped them to the Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya in 2009 amid tight security. In place of their horns, keepers have fitted radio transmitters to allow close monitoring of their whereabouts in the large paddock areas. The team has enough funding for three years’ research, donated from Foundation Hoffman, however, Oxford University has launched a public appeal to raise the money to secure the project long term.
According to the passage, Najin and Fatu are mentioned about all of the following EXCEPT ______.




A.their origin
B.their gender
C.their strength
D.their habitat

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.




A.campaign
B.household
C.purpose
D.commerce

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
“I’ll drop you from the team if you don’t train harder,” said the captain to John.




A.John was reminded to train harder so as not to be dropped from the team.
B.The captain threatened to drop John from the team unless he trained harder.
C.The captain urged that John should train harder in order not to be dropped from the team.
D.The captain promised to drop John from the team in case he trained harder.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Both husband and wife should be responsible ________ doing the household chores.




A.with
B.to
C.for
D.of

Volunteers are those who _____ work in a remote and mountainous areas.




A.voluntarily
B.voluntary
C.volunteers
D.volunteer