I – Các dạng so sánh
1) So sánh bằng
S1 + be + as + adj + as + 
S1 + V (do) + as + adv + as + .png)
Eg: She is as tall as me/ I am.
Ngoc speaks Spanish as fluently as Nam (does).
2) So sánh không bằng
S1 + be + not + as/ so + adj + as + .png)
S1 + trợ ĐT + not + V + as/ so + adv + as + .png)
( ở dạng phủ định hay dùng “so…as” hơn)
Eg: She isn’t as/so tall a me/ I am.
He doesn’t drive as/so carefully as I (do).
*) ngoài ra còn có một số cách diễn đạt của so sánh bằng, tương tự, giống nhau:
the same as ( giống như)
alike (adj): giống nhau
like (adj): giống như
as: giống như, chính là
Eg: He has the same book as mine.
He and his father are alike.
He looks like his father.
She works as a teacher.
3) So sánh hơn
S1 + V + short adj/ adv – er + than + S2 + (be/ trợ ĐT)
S2 + V + more + long adj/ adv + than + S2 + (be/ trợ ĐT)
*) Tính từ - trạng từ ngắn là từ có 1 âm tiết
Tính từ - trạng từ dài là từ có 2 âm tiết trở lên
Eg: He is taller than his brother (is).
Exercise 2 is more difficult than exercise 1 (is).
He runs more quickly than she does/ her.
She studies harder than I do.
4) So sánh kém
S1 +V + less + adj/ adv + than + S2 + (be/ trợ ĐT)
Eg: Lan is less beautiful than Hoa (is).
She runs less quickly than I do.
5) Notes
- có thể chuyển so sánh hơn thành ngược lại bằng từ đối nghĩa hoặc chuyển thành so sánh không bằng hoặc kém.
- khi muốn so sánh các phẩm chất, đặc tính khác nhau trong cùng một người hoặc vật
S+ V + more + adj1/ adv1 + than adj2/ adv2 ( bất kể ngắn dài)
Eg: She is more sad than angry.
She is more beautiful than intelligent.
She speaks more slowly than carefully.
- khi so sánh bằng hoặc hơn của tính từ đứng trước N
Eg: HCM city has a bigger population than Ha Noi city (does).
I have more books than you do.
- những từ chỉ mức độ, số lượng thì đứng trước cấp so sánh
Eg: She is 3 years older than I am.
Her house is much more beautiful than my house is.
It is much hotter in HN than (it is) in HCM city.
- khi so sánh có cả từ ngắn và từ dài hoặc 2 từ cùng ngắn hoặc cùng dài:
Eg: Her car is newer and more expensive than mine.
Peter is taller and bigger than his father is.
He is more intelligent and hard working than his brother is.
- một số từ có thể dùng ở hình thức so sánh hơn.
+) any: trong câu phủ định, nghi vấn, nhấn mạnh.
Eg: Is she any better?
I can’t go any farther.
+) ever/ before: trước đây, đã từng
Eg: You look much bigger than ever/ before.
+) even:
Eg: You are even more beautiful than before.
+) no (= not…at all): không….chút nào
Eg: You look no older than 80.
+) of ( đứng đầu số lượng để nhấn mạnh): trong số
Eg: Of the 3 children, she is the tallest.
Of the two girls, she is more beautiful.
+) other than ( khác với)/ rather than ( hơn là)
Eg: Here is a book other than yours.
I will go to meet him rather than wait for him.
She left rather than stay as an unwelcomed guest.
+) no other... than ( không ai/gì khác trừ/ ngoài)
Eg: I have no other friend here than you.
+) none other…than ( không ai/gì khác mà chính là)
Eg: It was none other than Peter.
- ngoài ra có thể dùng các cụm từ sau đây để so sánh:
more of a
as much of a + N
enough of a
less of a
Eg: He is more of a sport man than his brother.
It was as much of a success as I expected.
He is less of a fool than I thought.
He is enough of a man to tell the truth.
6) So sánh bội số
S +V + multiple number + as + adj/adv + as
S + V + multiple number + as + much/many + (N) + as
Trong đó: multiple number là: twice, half, three times, four times, five times, six times …
Eg: Her office is twice as big as mine.
Ho Chi Minh City has four times as many people as Bien Hoa.
7) So sánh với danh từ
S1 + V + as many/much/few/little + N as S2 + trợ ĐT
S1 + trợ ĐT + not + V + as/so + many/much/few/little + N as S2 + trợ ĐT
Eg: He earns as much money as I do.
I don’t have as/so many friends as he does.
S1 + V + more/ fewer/ less + N + than S2 + trợ ĐT
Eg: He has collected more stamps than I have.
I have collected fewer stamps than he has.
S + V + most/fewest/least + N
Eg: I have least free time in my family.
8) So sánh nhất
S1 + be/V + the + short adj/ adv-est + N (đôi khi là không cần)
most + long adj / adv
Eg: He is the tallest (student) in my class.
I like this film (the) best.
Eg2: He is the most intelligent student in my class.
Of the students in my class, Nam speaks English (the) most fluently.
9) So sánh kép
+) So sánh “càng ngày càng”
more and more + adj/ adv (long)
adj/ adv (short) + er and adj/ adv (short) + er
Eg: It is hotter and hotter.
She dances more and more gracefully.
+) So sánh “càng…càng…”
The adj/ adv (comparative) + S + V, the + adj/ adv (comparative) + S + V
Eg: The harder he works, the better marks he gets.
The more beautiful she is, the more modest she becomes.
10) Một số cách diễn đạt đặc biệt
+) be similar to…: tương tự như
+) be senior to/ superior to…: trội, ưu việt hơn
+) be inferior to/ junior to…: kém hơn, yếu hơn
Eg: Her ideas are quite similar to mine.
He is senior to me.
James is inferior to Peter's intelligence.
II- Quy tắc + er/ est
1) thông thường + er/est
small → smaller → the smallest
tall → taller → the tallest
2) phụ âm + y → ier/ iest
dry → drier → the driest
nguyên âm + y → yer/ yest
gray → grayer → the grayest
3) tận cùng là e → +r/st
large → larger/ the largest
4) nếu từ có 1 âm tiết hoặc 2 âm tiết nhưng trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2 mà trước phụ âm cuối chỉ có 1 nguyên âm thì gấp đôi phụ âm cuối rồi thêm đuôi er/est
big → bigger → the biggest
*) w - không gấp đôi
new → newer → the newest
5) những từ có 2 âm tiết nhưng có đuôi là y, er, ow, et, le, ure thì được dùng ở dạng so sánh như tính từ ngắn
happy → happier → the happiest
clever → cleverer → the cleverest
narrow → narrower → the narrowest
quiet → quieter → the quietest
simple → simpler → the simplest
obscure → obscurer → the obscurest
*) adv (ly) → không được áp dụng
eg: không nói “quicklier”
6) Một số tính từ ghép
good-looking → better-looking → the best-looking
more good-looking the most good-looking
*) tuy nhiên
fine-looking → finer-looking → the finest-looking
far- fetched → more far-fetched → the most far-fetched
kind-hearted → more kind-hearted → the most kind-hearted
• phần lớn các tính từ ghép đều so sánh “more…than/ the most…”
*) Một số bất quy tắc khác
|
Adj |
So sánh hơn |
So sánh nhất |
|
good/ well |
better |
best |
|
bad |
worse |
worst |
|
little (amount) |
less |
least |
|
little (size) |
smaller |
smallest |
|
much/ many |
more |
most |
|
far (place + time) |
further |
furthest |
|
far (place) |
farther |
farthest |
|
late (time) |
later |
latest |
|
near (place) |
nearer |
nearest |
|
old (people and things) |
older/ elder |
oldest/ eldest |
III – Bài tập
Bài 1: Viết các câu sau ở dạng so sánh hơn:
1. The water color is 85 dollars and the oil painting is 100 dollars. (expensive)
2. The film is two and a half hours, but the play is only two hours. (long )
3. Tom is 1.6 meters tall, but Jack is 1.7 meters. (tall)
4. The Mercedes can do 130 mph on the race-track, but the Ferrari can do 135 mph. (fast)
5. In the intelligence test, Mary has got an IQ of 140 but Ann has got an IQ of 180. (intelligent)
6. Tim can lift 90 kilos, but John can lift 100 kilos. (strong)
7. The bridge was built in 1990 and the canal in 1995. (old)
8. Florida is 25oC and California is 27oC. (hot)
9. The tower is 120m high and the main building is 98m high. (high)
Bài 2: Chia dạng đúng của tính từ trong ngoặc:
1. XiaoZhan is 28 years old. YiBo is 22 years old. XiaoZhan is (old) than YiBo.
2. An ocean is (large) than a sea.
3. Brazil exports (much) coffee of all South American countries.
4. What is the (long) river in Vietnam?
5. Daniel is (friendly) of all the boys in this office.
6. Los Angeles is (far) from here than Philadelphia.
7. Marie is certainly not (intelligent) as her sister is.
8. People say that Chinese is (difficult) to learn than English.
9. The winter is coming. It is getting (cold) and (cold).
10. It is (tall) building in the world.
Đáp án:
Bài 1:
1. The oil painting is more expensive than the water color.
2. The film is longer than the play.
3. Jack is taller than Tom.
4. The Ferrari is faster than the Mercedes.
5. Ann is more intelligent than Mary.
6. John is stronger than Tim.
7. The canal was older than the bridge.
8. California is hotter than Florida.
9. The tower is higher than the main building.
Bài 2:
1. older
2. larger
3. the most
4. longest
5. the most friendly
6. farther
7. as intelligent as
8. more difficult than
9. colder – colder
10. the tallest
