Artificial satellites provide data on atmospheric temperatures, solar radiation, and ______ the earth/s surface.
A.Reflect
B.Reflecting
C.The reflection of
D.Can reflect

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions

Before the 1500’s, the western plains of North America were dominated by farmers. One group, the Mandans, lived in the upper Missouri River country, primarily in present – day North Dakota. They had large villages of houses built close together. The tight arrangement enabled the Mandans to protect themselves more easily from the attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food these highly capable farmers stored from one year to the next.
The women had primary responsibility for the fields. They had to exercise considerable skill to produce the desired results, for their northern location meant fleeting growing seasons. Winter often lingered; autumn could be ushered in by severe frost. For good measure, during the spring and summer, drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the wary grower.
Under such conditions, Mandan women had to grow maize capable of weathering adversity. They began as early as it appeared feasible to do so in the spring, clearing the land, using fire to clear stubble from the fields and then planting. From this point until the first green corn could be harvested, the crop required labor and vigilance.
Harvesting proceeded in two stages. In August the Mandans picked a smaller amount of the crop before it had matured fully. This green corn was boiled, dried and shelled, with some of the maize slated for immediate consumption and the rest stored in animal – skin bags. Later in the fall, the people picked the rest of the corn. They saved the best of the harvest for seeds or for trade, with the remainder eaten right away or stored for alter use in underground reserves. With appropriate banking of the extra food, the Mandans protected themselves against the disaster of crop failure and accompany hunger.
The woman planted another staple, squash, about the first of June, and harvested it near the time of the green corn harvest. After they picked it, they sliced it, dried it, and strung the slices before they stored them. Once again, they saved the seeds from the best of the year’s crop. The Mandans also grew sunflowers and tobacco; the latter was the particular task of the older men.
Source (TOEFL reading)
Why does the author believe that the Mandans were skilled farmers?
A.They developed effective fertilizers.
B.They could grow crops in most types of soil.
C.They could grow crops despite adverse weather.
D.They developed new varieties of corn.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions

Before the 1500’s, the western plains of North America were dominated by farmers. One group, the Mandans, lived in the upper Missouri River country, primarily in present – day North Dakota. They had large villages of houses built close together. The tight arrangement enabled the Mandans to protect themselves more easily from the attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food these highly capable farmers stored from one year to the next.
The women had primary responsibility for the fields. They had to exercise considerable skill to produce the desired results, for their northern location meant fleeting growing seasons. Winter often lingered; autumn could be ushered in by severe frost. For good measure, during the spring and summer, drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the wary grower.
Under such conditions, Mandan women had to grow maize capable of weathering adversity. They began as early as it appeared feasible to do so in the spring, clearing the land, using fire to clear stubble from the fields and then planting. From this point until the first green corn could be harvested, the crop required labor and vigilance.
Harvesting proceeded in two stages. In August the Mandans picked a smaller amount of the crop before it had matured fully. This green corn was boiled, dried and shelled, with some of the maize slated for immediate consumption and the rest stored in animal – skin bags. Later in the fall, the people picked the rest of the corn. They saved the best of the harvest for seeds or for trade, with the remainder eaten right away or stored for alter use in underground reserves. With appropriate banking of the extra food, the Mandans protected themselves against the disaster of crop failure and accompany hunger.
The woman planted another staple, squash, about the first of June, and harvested it near the time of the green corn harvest. After they picked it, they sliced it, dried it, and strung the slices before they stored them. Once again, they saved the seeds from the best of the year’s crop. The Mandans also grew sunflowers and tobacco; the latter was the particular task of the older men.
Source (TOEFL reading)
Which of the following processes does the author imply was done by both men and women?
A.clearing fields
B.Harvesting squash
C.Harvesting corn
D.Planting corn

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions

Before the 1500’s, the western plains of North America were dominated by farmers. One group, the Mandans, lived in the upper Missouri River country, primarily in present – day North Dakota. They had large villages of houses built close together. The tight arrangement enabled the Mandans to protect themselves more easily from the attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food these highly capable farmers stored from one year to the next.
The women had primary responsibility for the fields. They had to exercise considerable skill to produce the desired results, for their northern location meant fleeting growing seasons. Winter often lingered; autumn could be ushered in by severe frost. For good measure, during the spring and summer, drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the wary grower.
Under such conditions, Mandan women had to grow maize capable of weathering adversity. They began as early as it appeared feasible to do so in the spring, clearing the land, using fire to clear stubble from the fields and then planting. From this point until the first green corn could be harvested, the crop required labor and vigilance.
Harvesting proceeded in two stages. In August the Mandans picked a smaller amount of the crop before it had matured fully. This green corn was boiled, dried and shelled, with some of the maize slated for immediate consumption and the rest stored in animal – skin bags. Later in the fall, the people picked the rest of the corn. They saved the best of the harvest for seeds or for trade, with the remainder eaten right away or stored for alter use in underground reserves. With appropriate banking of the extra food, the Mandans protected themselves against the disaster of crop failure and accompany hunger.
The woman planted another staple, squash, about the first of June, and harvested it near the time of the green corn harvest. After they picked it, they sliced it, dried it, and strung the slices before they stored them. Once again, they saved the seeds from the best of the year’s crop. The Mandans also grew sunflowers and tobacco; the latter was the particular task of the older men.
Source (TOEFL reading)
Which of the following crops was cultivated primarily by men?
A.Sunflower
B.Corn
C.Squash
D.Tobacco

In this era of increased global warming and diminishing fossil fuel supplies, we must begin to put a greater priority on harnessing alternative energy sources.(1) Fortunately, there are a number of readily available, renewable resources that are both cost-effective and earth-friendly. Two such resources are solar power and geothermal power.
Solar energy, which reaches the earth through sunlight, is so abundant that it could meet the needs of worldwide energy consumption 6,000 times over.(3) And solar energy is easily harnessed through the use of photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight into electricity. In the United States alone, more than 100,000 homes are equipped with solar electric systems in the form of solar panels or solar roof tiles. And in other parts of the world, including many developing countries, the use of solar systems is growing steadily.
Another alternative energy source, which is abundant in specific geographical areas, is geothermal power, which creates energy by tapping heat from below the surface of the earth. Hot water and steam that are trapped in underground pools are pumped to the surface and used to run a generator, which produces electricity. Geothermal energy is 50,000 times more abundant than the entire known supply og fossil fuel resources. And as with solar power, the technology needed to utilize geothermal energy is fairly simple(2). A prime example of effective geothermal use is in Iceland, a region of high geothermal activity, where over 80 percent of private homes are heated by geothermal power.
Solar and geothermal energy are just two of a number of promising renewable alternatives to conventional energy sources. The time is long overdue to invest in the development and use of alternative energy on a global scale.
According to the passage, why should we consider using alternative energy sources?
A.Because fossil fuels are no longer available.
B.Because global warming has increased the amount of sunlight that reaches the earth.
C.Because they are free and available worldwide.
D.Because conventional energy sources are being depleted, and they cause environmental damage.

In this era of increased global warming and diminishing fossil fuel supplies, we must begin to put a greater priority on harnessing alternative energy sources.(1) Fortunately, there are a number of readily available, renewable resources that are both cost-effective and earth-friendly. Two such resources are solar power and geothermal power.
Solar energy, which reaches the earth through sunlight, is so abundant that it could meet the needs of worldwide energy consumption 6,000 times over.(3) And solar energy is easily harnessed through the use of photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight into electricity. In the United States alone, more than 100,000 homes are equipped with solar electric systems in the form of solar panels or solar roof tiles. And in other parts of the world, including many developing countries, the use of solar systems is growing steadily.
Another alternative energy source, which is abundant in specific geographical areas, is geothermal power, which creates energy by tapping heat from below the surface of the earth. Hot water and steam that are trapped in underground pools are pumped to the surface and used to run a generator, which produces electricity. Geothermal energy is 50,000 times more abundant than the entire known supply og fossil fuel resources. And as with solar power, the technology needed to utilize geothermal energy is fairly simple(2). A prime example of effective geothermal use is in Iceland, a region of high geothermal activity, where over 80 percent of private homes are heated by geothermal power.
Solar and geothermal energy are just two of a number of promising renewable alternatives to conventional energy sources. The time is long overdue to invest in the development and use of alternative energy on a global scale.
According to the passage, how is solar energy production similar to geothermal energy production?
A.They both require fairly simple technology.
B.They both use heat from the earth’s surface.
C.They both require the use of a generator.
D.They are both conventional and costly.

Crows are probably the most frequently met and easily identifiable members of the native fauna of the United States. The great number of tales, legends, and myths about these bird indicates that people have been exceptionally interested in them for a long time(1). On the other hand, when it comes to substantive particularly behavioural-information, crows are less well known than many comparably common species and for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones: The endangered California condor, to cite one obvious example. There are practical reasons for this.
According to the first paragraph, what evidence is there that crows have interested people for a long time?
A.The large number of stories about crows.
B.The frequency with which crows are sighted.
C.The amount of research that has been conducted on crows.
D.The ease with which crows are identified.

Clearly, change simply takes time. But in addition, there has been active resistance on the part of many managers. These executives claim that supervising the telecommuters in a large work force scattered across the country would be too difficult(B), or, at least, systems for managing them are not yet developed, thereby complicating the manager’s responsibilities.


It is also true that employees who are given the option of telecommuting are often reluctant to accept the opportunity. Most people fell that they need regular interaction with a group(C), and many are concerned that they will not have the same consideration for advancement(A) if they are not more visible in the office setting. Some people feel that even when a space in their homes is set aside as a work area,(D) they never really get away from the office.

The author mentions all of the following as concerns of telecommuters

A.the opportunities for advancement
B.the different system of supervision
C.the lack of interaction with a group
D.the fact hate the work space is in the home

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase for each of the blanks.

School exams are, generally speaking, the first kind of test we take. They find out how much knowledge we have gained. But do they really show how intelligent we are? After all, isn’t it a ___(30)_____ that some people who are very academically successful don’t have any common sense.
Intelligence is the speed ___(31)_____ which we can understand and react to new situations and it is usually tested by logic puzzles. Although scientist are now preparing ___(32)_____ computer technology that will be able to “read” our brains, ___(33)_____ tests are still the most popular ways of measuring intelligence.
A person’s IQ is their intelligence ___(34)_____ it is measured by a special test. The most common IT tests are ___(35)_____ by Mensa, an organization that was found in England in 1946. By 1976, it had 1,300 members in Britain. Today there are 44,000 in Britain and 100,000 _____(36)______, largely in the US.
People taking the tests are judged in ___(37)_____ to an average score of 100, and those who score over 148 are entitled to join Mensa. This works out at 2 percent of the population. Anyone from the age of six can take tests. All the questions are straightforward and most people can answer them if ___(38)_____ enough time. But that’s the problem; the whole ___(39)_____ of the test is that they’re against the clock.
(36)
A.worldly
B.nationwide
C.worldwide
D.world

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase for each of the blanks.

School exams are, generally speaking, the first kind of test we take. They find out how much knowledge we have gained. But do they really show how intelligent we are? After all, isn’t it a ___(30)_____ that some people who are very academically successful don’t have any common sense.
Intelligence is the speed ___(31)_____ which we can understand and react to new situations and it is usually tested by logic puzzles. Although scientist are now preparing ___(32)_____ computer technology that will be able to “read” our brains, ___(33)_____ tests are still the most popular ways of measuring intelligence.
A person’s IQ is their intelligence ___(34)_____ it is measured by a special test. The most common IT tests are ___(35)_____ by Mensa, an organization that was found in England in 1946. By 1976, it had 1,300 members in Britain. Today there are 44,000 in Britain and 100,000 _____(36)______, largely in the US.
People taking the tests are judged in ___(37)_____ to an average score of 100, and those who score over 148 are entitled to join Mensa. This works out at 2 percent of the population. Anyone from the age of six can take tests. All the questions are straightforward and most people can answer them if ___(38)_____ enough time. But that’s the problem; the whole ___(39)_____ of the test is that they’re against the clock.
(37)
A.association
B.relation
C.regard
D.concern