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Read the following passage and decide whether the information in each statement is true (T), false (F) or not given (NG) Chimpanzees readily learn and share techniques on how to fiddle with gadgets, new research shows – the best evidence yet that our closest living relatives pass on customs and culture just as human do. The new findings help shed light on the capabilities of the last common ancestor of humans and chimps. And the research could also help develop better robots and artificial intelligence, the researchers say. In the wild, chimpanzees troops often are distinct from one another, possessing collections of up to 20 traditions or customary behaviours that together seem to form unique cultures. Such parties include forms of tool use, including hammers and pestles; courtship rituals such as leaf-clipping, where leaves are clipped noisily with the teeth; social behaviours such as overhead hand-clasping during mutual grooming; and methods for eradicating parasites by either stabbing or squashing them. While observing chimpanzees, evolutionary psychologist Antoine Spiteri at the University of St Andrews in Scotland wanted to help settle the question of whether or not the apes learned such practices by watching others, as human do, as opposed to simply knowing how to perform such behaviours innately. Spiteri and his colleagues investigated six groups of chimpanzees, each with eight to eleven apes, living in captivity in Bastrop, Texas. The researchers taught a lone chimpanzee from one group one technique for obtaining food from a complex gadget, such as stabbing food with a tool. They next taught one chimp from another group a different technique for extracting food from the same gadget, such as pushing it out down a ramp. The extremely hot Texas weather made it hard for researcher to work, “And because participation by the chimpanzees in each of these studies has been completely voluntary, it sometimes means that we as experimenters have had to be extremely patient,” Spiteri recalled. “Considering the insights we have gathered, it has been worth the sacrifice.” Over time, the researchers found that each technique for tool use and food extraction spread within each group. In essence, these groups displayed their own unique culture and local traditions. A number of these chimpanzee groups are next-door neighbours living within eyeshot of each other, and researchers found traditions proved catching, with foraging practices spreading from one group to another. The findings were detailed in the June 19 issue of the journal Current Biology. 1. Chimps and humans both appear to pass on learnt behaviour. 2. In the wild, groups of chimpanzees are normally the same. 3. All chimpanzees use the same tools. . 4. The main researcher compared some human and ape behaviours. 5. The researchers taught all the chimps how to extract food. 6. The food extraction techniques were very easy for the chimps to learn. 7. The weather in the experimenting region isn’t comfortable. 8. The researchers regretted the amount of effort involved in the research. 9. The researchers concluded that the apes learnt from one another. 10. The apes kept their learning within their own groups.

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