Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of questions from 29 to 36.            Every day, millions of shoppers hit the stores in full force - both online and on foot - searching frantically for the perfect gift. Last year, Americans spent over $30 billion at retail stores in the month of December alone. Aside from purchasing holiday gifts, most people regularly buy presents for other occasions throughout the year, including weddings, birthdays, anniversaries, graduations, and baby showers. This frequent experience of gift-giving can engender ambivalent feelings in gift-givers. Many relish the opportunity to buy presents because gift-giving offers a powerful means to build stronger bonds with one’s closest peers. At the same time, many dread the thought of buying gifts; they worry that their purchases will disappoint rather than delight the intended recipients.            Anthropologists describe gift-giving as a positive social process, serving various political, religious, and psychological functions. Economists, however, offer a less favorable view. According to Waldfogel (1993), gift-giving represents an objective waste of resources. People buy gifts that recipients would not choose to buy on their own, or at least not spend as much money to purchase (a phenomenon referred to as ‘‘the deadweight loss of Christmas”). To wit, givers are likely to spend $100 to purchase a gift that receivers would spend only 80 USD to buy themselves. This ‘‘deadweight loss” suggests that gift-givers are not very good at predicting what gifts others will appreciate. That in itself is not surprising to social psychologists. Research has found that people often struggle to take account of others’ perspectives - their insights are subject to egocentrism, social projection, and multiple attribution errors.            What is surprising is that gift-givers have considerable experience acting as both gift-givers and gift-recipients, but nevertheless tend to overspend each time they set out to purchase a meaningful gift. In the present research, we propose a unique psychological explanation for this - that is, that gift-givers equate how much they spend with how much recipients will appreciate the gift (the more expensive the gift, the stronger a gift-recipient’s feelings of appreciation). Although a link between gift price and feelings of appreciation might seem intuitive to gift-givers, such an assumption may be unfounded. Indeed, we propose that gift-recipients will be less inclined to base their feelings of appreciation on the magnitude of a gift than givers assume.            Why do gift-givers assume that gift price is closely linked to gift-recipients’ feelings of appreciation? Perhaps givers believe that bigger (that is, more expensive) gifts convey stronger signals of thoughtfulness and consideration. According to Camerer (1988) and others, gift-giving represents a symbolic ritual, whereby gift-givers attempt to signal their positive attitudes toward the intended recipient and their willingness to invest resources in a future relationship. In this sense, gift-givers may be motivated to spend more money on a gift in order to send a “stronger signal” to their intended recipient. As for gift‑recipients, they may not construe smaller and larger gifts as representing smaller and larger signals of thoughtfulness and consideration.
Câu 1: What is the main idea discussed in the passage?


A. Gift-giving, despite its uneconomical downsides, cultivates a positive social process.


B. Gifts can serve as implicit signals of thoughtfulness and consideration.


C. Gift-giving may have certain drawbacks alongside its positive qualities.


D. Gift-recipients are widely acknowledged as considerably experienced in gift-giving.
Câu 2: In paragraph 1, the word “ambivalent” is closest in meaning to _____.


A. unrealistic               


B. conflicted                           


C. apprehensive                      


D. supportive
Câu 3: The author indicates that people value gift-giving because they feel it _______.


A. functions as a form of self-expression 


B. is an inexpensive way to show appreciation


C. requires the gift-recipient to reciprocate  


D. can serve to strengthen a relationship
Câu 4: The word “this” in paragraph 3 refers to gift-givers’ ________.


A. struggling                                                               


B. overspending         


C. buying meaningful gifts    


D. having considerable experience
Câu 5: The passage indicates that the assumption made by gift-givers in paragraph 3 may be ______.


A. incorrect                 


B. unreasonable                       


C. insincere                             


D. substantiated
Câu 6: The word “convey” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ______.


A. transport                 


B. counteract                           


C. communicate                      


D. exchange
Câu 7: The authors refer to work by Camerer and others (paragraph 4) in order to _______.


A. offer an explanation   


B. introduce an argument


C. support a conclusion        


D. question a movie
Câu 8: Which of the following best describes the tone of the author?


A. criticizing               


B. pessimistic                          


C. informative                         


D. ironic
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Các câu hỏi liên quan

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one. (0,4)
Câu 1: People say that they bought this shop last year.           


A. They are said  to buy this shop last year.


B. They are said  to have bought this shop last year.


C.  It is  said that they bought this shop last year.  


D. Both B and C
Câu 2: "How much do you think it will cost?" he said to me.   


A. He asked me how much I thought it would cost.


B. He asked me how much I had thought it would cost.


C. He asked me how much I thought it will cost.


D. He asked me how much you thought it would cost.
Câu 3: Mr.Brown's team has lost the game.He looks very sad. 


A. Mr. Brown whom team has lost the game looks very sad. 


B. Mr. Brown that team has lost the game looks very sad. 


C. Mr. Brown whose team has lost the game looks very sad. 


D. Mr. Brown whom team has lost the game looks very sad. 
Câu 4: Do you know the man who sat next to me at Nam’s birthday party last night?


A. You know the man who sat next to me at Nam’s birthday party last night, won’t you?


B. You know the man who sat next to me at Nam’s birthday party last night, don’t you?


C. You know the man who sat next to me at Nam’s birthday party last night, doesn’t you?


D. You know the man who sat next to me at Nam’s birthday party last night, didn’t you?
Câu 5: It takes Minh 2 hours to do his homework every day.


A. Minh spends 2 hours doing his homework every day.


B. Minh spends 2 hours do his homework every day.


C. Minh spends 2 hours do his homework every day.


D. Minh spends 2 hours having done his homework every day.
Câu 6: We were late for school because of the heavy rain.


A. Because it  rained heavily, we were late for school.
 


B. Because it rained heavily, we was late for school.


C. Because it  rained heavily, we would be late for school.


D. Because it rained heavy, we were late for school.
Câu 7: My mother used to make us clean the house. 


A. We used to be made to clean the house by my mother.


B. We used to make to clean the house by my mother.


C. We used making  to clean the house by my mother.


D. We used to be made clean the house by my mother.
Câu 8: "I'm working in a restaurant, and don't care much for it."she said


A. She said that she was working in a restaurant and wasn't caring much for it.


B. She said that she was working in a restaurant and didn’t care much for it.


C. She said that she has been working in a restaurant and didn’t care much for it.


D. She said that she was working in a restaurant and didn’t care many for it.
Câu 9: It’s two years since I last spoke to her.            


A. I haven’t spoken to her since two years.


B. I haven’t been speaking to her for two years.


C. I haven’t spoken to her for two years.


D. I haven’t spoken to her about two years.
Câu 10: Going swimming in the river in the summer is interesting.


A. It is interesting to go to swim in the river in the summer.


B. It is interesting to go swim in the river in the summer.


C. It is interested to go swimming in the river in the summer.


D. It is interesting to go swimming in the river in the summer.
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B.
C.
D.

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from. The time when humans crossed the Arctic land bridge from Siberia to Alaska seems remote to us today, but actually represents a late stage in prehistory of humans, an era when polished stone implements and bows and arrows were already being used and dogs had already been domesticated.When these early migrants arrived in North America, they found woods and plains dominated by three types of American mammoths. Those elephants were distinguished from today’s elephants mainly by their thick, shaggy coats and their huge, upward-curving tusks. They had arrived on the continent hundreds of thousands of years before their human followers. The woolly mammoth in the North, the Columbian mammoth in middle North America, and the imperial mammoth of the South together with their distant cousins the mastodons, dominated the land. Here, as in the Old World, there is evidence that humans hunted these elephants, as shown by numerous spear points found with mammoth remains.Then, at the end of the Ice Age, when the last glaciers had retreated, there was a relatively sudden and widespread extinction of elephants. In the New World, both mammoths and mastodons disappeared. In the Old World, only Indian and African elephants survived.Why did the huge, seemingly successful mammoths disappear? Were humans connected with their extinction? Perhaps, but at the time, although they were hunters, humans were still widely scattered and not very numerous. It is difficult to see how they could have prevailed over the mammoth to such an extent.
Câu 1: With which of the following is the passage primarily concerned?


A. Techniques used to hunt mammoths.


B. Migration from Siberia Alaska.


C. The prehistory of humans.   


D. The relationship between man and mammoth in the New World.
Câu 2: The word “implements” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.


A. carvings                             


B. ornaments                     


C. houses                      


D. tools
Câu 3: The phrase “these early migrants” in paragraph 2 refers to ______.


A. humans                              


B. dogs                              


C. mammoths               


D. mastodons
Câu 4: Where were the imperial mammoths the dominant type of mammoth?


A. Alaska    


B. the central portion of North America


C. the southern part of North America    


D. South America
Câu 5: It can be inferred that when humans crossed into the New World, they _______


A. had previously hunted mammoths in Siberia.       


B. had never seen mammoths before.


C. brought mammoths with them from the Old World.


D. soon learned to use dogs to hunt mammoths.
Câu 6: The passage supports which of the following conclusions about mammoths?


A. Competition with mastodons caused them to become extinct.   


B. Humans hunted them to extinction.           


C. The cause of their extinction is not definitely known.      


D. The freezing temperatures of the Ice Age destroyed their food supply.
Câu 7: Which of the following is NOT true about prehistoric humans at the time of the mammoths’ extinction?


A. They were relatively few in number.       


B. They were concentrated in a small area.


C. They knew how to use bows and arrows.            


D. They were skilled hunters.
Câu 8: Which of the following types of the elephants does the author discuss in the most detail in the passage?


A. the Indian elephant          


B. the mammoth


C. the African elephant        


D. the mastodon
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B.
C.
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Exercise 3. Read the passage and choose the best answer to fill in the blank.Are you planning your next trip? Then why not visit London? London is one of the most exciting cities in the world.Sights and attractions: There are lots of things to see and do in London. Walk around the centre and see famous (31)_________ like Big Ben and Westminster Abbey. Visit the Tower of London where England’s kings and queens lived. Go to Buckingham Palace at 11:30 and (32)_________ the famous ‘Changing of the Guard’ ceremony. And don’t miss London’s art galleries and museums - (33)_________ are free to get into!Shopping: There are over 40,000 shops in London. Oxford Street is Europe’s (34)_________ high street with over 300 shops.Eating: With over 270 nationalities in London, you can try food from just about (35)_________ country in the world. Make sure you try the UK’s most famous dish - fish and chips!Getting around: London has a quick underground train system (the ‘tube’ as the locals call it). There are also the famous red ‘double-decker’ buses. The tube is quicker, but you will see more of London from a bus!
Câu 1: (31)_________


A. sights       


B. landscapes              


C. landmarks               


D. facts
Câu 2: (32)_________


A. notice  


B. see                          


C. realize                     


D. take
Câu 3: (33)_________


A. lots            


B. much                       


C. more                       


D. most
Câu 4: (34)_________


A. busy        


B. busier                      


C. busiest                    


D. the busiest
Câu 5: (35)_________


A. every            


B. all                            


C. one                         


D. many

A.
B.
C.
D.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 30 to 34. Having a relationship with someone is important to people around the world; (30) _______, dating is different from culture to culture. Here are some examples.Group dating is popular among young people in Europe and Australia. Groups as large as 30 people take part in events, such as going camping or having a party. This is seen as a (31) _______ way to spend time together, and to help to (32) _______ tension because people feel more comfortable in the company of friends before deciding whether to go on a one-to-one date.In Singapore, since many young people stay single, the government has tried its best to encourage dating. Dating services are offered to single people. One of them is speed dating, in (33) _______ singles will spend a few minutes talking to one person before moving on to meet the next one.Online dating is a common way of (34) _______ in the United States. Internet companies are now offering a service called ‘online dating assistant’ to help busy people to find a partner. An assistant helps customers to build their profiles, selects potential matches, and then sends several emails to the possible matches until the two people agree to meet face to face.
Câu 1: (30) _______


A. although  


B. and 


C. however     


D. despite
Câu 2: (31) _______


A. safe  


B. savings        


C. safely          


D. save
Câu 3: (32) _______


A. deteriorate     


B. ease 


C. refrain         


D. escape
Câu 4: (33) _______


A. when   


B. that 


C. which         


D. whom
Câu 5: (34) _______


A. matchtaking   


B. matchgoing 


C. matchcatching        


D. matchmaking

A.
B.
C.
D.

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 20 to 24. Tsunami is a Japanese word that means harbor wave and is used as the scientific term for seismic sea wave generated by an undersea earthquake or possibly an undersea landslide or volcanic eruption. When the ocean floor is tilted or offset during an earthquake, a set of waves is created similar to the concentric waves generated by an object dropped into the water. Most tsunamis originate along the Ring of Fire, a zone of volcanoes and seismic activity, 32,500 km long that encircles the Pacific Ocean. Since 1819, about 40 tsunamis have struck the Hawaiian Islands.A tsunami can have wavelengths, or widths, of 100 to 200 km, and may travel hundreds of kilometers across the deep ocean, reaching speeds of about 725 to 800 kilometres an hour. Upon entering shallow coastal waters, the wave, which have been only about half a metre high out at sea, suddenly grows rapidly. When the wave reaches the shore, it may be 15 m high or more. Tsunamis have tremendous energy because of the great volume of water affected. They are capable of obliterating coastal settlements.Tsunamis should not be confused with storm surges, which are domes of water that rise underearth hurricanes or cyclones and cause extensive coastal flooding when the storms reach land. Storm surges are particularly devastating if they occur at high tide. A cyclone and accompanying storm surges killed an estimated 500,000 people in Bangladesh in 1970. The tsunami which struck south and southeast Asia in late 2004 killed over 200 thousand people.
Câu 1: What does the word “concentric” in paragraph 1 mean?


A. Having a common centre


B. Having wavy centres


C. Having wavy movements      


D. Having many centres
Câu 2: What is the greatest speed of tsunami travelling across the deep ocean?


A. 150,000 kilometres an hour    


B. 200 kilometres an hour


C. 700 kilometres an hour           


D. 800 kilometres an hour
Câu 3: The word “they” in paragraph 2 refers to ________.


A. Volumes of water  


B. Coastal waters


C. Coastal settlements      


D. Tsunamis
Câu 4: Which of the following is NOT true?


A. Storm surges are domes of water rising underearth hurricanes or cyclones.          


B. Storm surges cause extensive coastal flooding.


C. Tsunami only occurs in Asia.             


D. A cyclone along with storm surges happened in Asia in 1970.
Câu 5: What is the passage mainly about?


A. Where tsunamis originate.    


B. How tremendous is the energy of a tsunami.


C. Damage caused by tsunamis.            


D. Facts about tsunamis.

A.
B.
C.
D.