Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.
She helped us a lot with our project. We couldn’t continue without her.
A.Unless we had her contribution, we could continue with the project.
B.But for her contribution, we could have continued with the project.
C.If she hadn’t contributed positively, we couldn’t have continued with the project.
D.Provided her contribution wouldn’t come, we couldn’t continue with the project.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.
The weather was very hot. The boys continued playing football in the schoolyard.
A.Because of the weather was hot, the boys continued playing football in the schoolyard.
B.Because the hot weather, the boys continued playing football in the schoolyard.
C.In spite of the hot weather, the boys continued playing football in the schoolyard.
D.Despite the weather was hot, the boys continued playing football in the schoolyard.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
A.newspaper
B.dedicate
C.timetable
D.commercial

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word in each of the following questions.
In times of war, the Red Cross is dedicated to reducing the sufferings of wounded soldiers, civilians, and prisoners of war.
A.initiated
B.appalled
C.devoted
D.mounted

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the corresponding sentence to have the same meaning as the original one provided above in each of the following ones.
When she received the exam results, she immediately phoned her mom.
A.She immediately phoned her mom that she would receive the exam results.
B.No sooner had she received the exam results than she phoned her mom.
C.No sooner had she phoned her mom than she received the exam results.
D.She received the exam results immediately after she phoned her mom.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the corresponding sentence to have the same meaning as the original one provided above in each of the following ones.
People think the Samba is the most popular dance in Brazil.
A.The Samba is thought to be the most popular dance in Brazil.
B.It is thought that the Samba was the most popular dance in Brazil.
C.It is thought that the Samba is among the most popular dances in Brazil.
D.In Brazil, the Samba is thought to be one of the most popular dances.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
More people are now employed in service industries than in manufacturing.
A.jobless
B.having jobs
C.trained
D.vulnerable

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions
A.explored
B.named
C.travelled
D.separated

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
The United States is a major influence in the United Nations.
A.main
B.real
C.minor
D.TRUE

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
When another old cave is discovered in the south of France, it is not usually news. Rather, it is an ordinary event. Such discoveries are so frequent these days that hardly anybody pays heed to them. However, when the Lascaux cave complex was discovered in 1940, the world was amazed. Painted directly on its walls were hundreds of scenes showing how people lived thousands of years ago. The scenes show people hunting animals, such as bison or wild cats. Other images depict birds and, most noticeably, horses, which appear in more than 300 wall images, by far outnumbering all other animals.
Early artists drawing these animals accomplished a monumental and difficult task. They did not limit themselves to the easily accessible walls but carried their painting materials to spaces that required climbing steep walls or crawling into narrow passages in the Lascaux complex.
Unfortunately, the paintings have been exposed to the destructive action of water and temperature changes, which easily wear the images away. Because the Lascaux caves have many entrances, air movement has also damaged the images inside. Although they are not out in the open air, where natural light would have destroyed them long ago, many of the images have deteriorated and are barely recognizable. To prevent further damage, the site was closed to tourists in 1963, 23 years after it was discovered.
(From:https://www.ets.org/toefl_junior/prepare/standard_sample_questions/language_form_and_meaning)
According to the passage, all of the following have caused damage to the paintings EXCEPT ………………...
A.water
B.temperature changes
C.air movement
D.light