Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Henry was a studious student. He needed no______ to work hard.
A.encourage
B.encouraged
C.encouragement
D.encouraging

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Your teacher gives you the following brochure about crime. Read the information and answer the questions.
How to Avoid Being Mugged
          A surprisingly large number of people have had first-band experience of some sort of crime in the streets, the most common of which is mugging. In the city of Chicago alone, there are about 6,000 muggings every year. Here are some tips in order to avoid joining the growing list of people who have been mugged.
          How can a mugger be spotted?
          Be wary of loiterers who seem to be window shopping or who aren’t really doing anything. Muggers need time to find the right victim, so they neither hide nor walk very quickly. They often ask for spare change or what the time is. These are tricks to distract their victims, and also to figure out if you have any expensive jewellery or items worth stealing. Finally, be suspicious of anyone who is wearing clothing which hides their identity, such as a hooded jacket.
          What kind of victims do muggers search for?
          Muggers love solitary individuals, so be sure to stay where the people are. Avoid empty streets and alleyways, and whenever possible, try to walk with a friend. Walk confidently and take long steps. Muggers do not like people who are relaxed and seem sure of themselves. It is also a good idea to look a potential mugger in the eye, for the same reason. However, if the mugger is an aggressive type, establishing eye contact may backfire, as he/she might see it as a challenge. So if your confident look is met with an angry stare, be the first to look away. Lastly, do not dress in a way that makes you stand out. If you are a tourist, try to dress like a local.
          What can you do if you realize you are a target?
          It is sometimes a good idea to act unpredictably, perhaps by acting crazy or shouting. If there are people around, shouting “Fire!” is more effective than “Help!”. However, in the majority of cases muggers carry dangerous weapons, so it’s probably safer to go along with their demands. If a mugger forces you into your car, you will probably be told to drive to an ATM and withdraw cash. Don’t worry, though, because most banks will refund any money withdrawn while being robbed if you report the incident to the police.
What is the best thing to do when you are mugged?
A.shout “help” loudly     
B.obey the mugger
C.call the police  
D.use a dangerous weapon

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B,C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60. 
The ability to conduct electricity is one of the key properties of a metal. Other solid materials such as silicon can conduct electricity but only effectively at certain temperatures. Also, some substances such as salt (sodium chloride) can conduct when molten or when dissolved in water. The ability of metals to conduct electricity is due to how their atoms bond together. In order to bond together the metal atoms lose at least one of their outermost electrons. This leaves the metal atoms with a positive charge and they are now strictly ions. The lost electrons are free to move in what is known as a sea of electrons. Since the electrons are negatively charged they attract the ions and this is what keeps the structure together.
An electric current is a flow of charge and since the electrons in the sea of electrons are free to move they can be made to flow in one direction when a source of electrical energy such as a battery is connected to the metal. Hence we have an electric current flowing through the wire, and this is what makes metals such good conductors of electricity. The only other common solid conducting material that pencil users are likely to encounter is graphite (what the ‘lead’ of a pencil is made from). Graphite is a form of carbon and again the carbon atoms bond in such a way that there is a sea of electrons that can be made to flow as an electric current. Likewise, if we have an ionic substance like salt we can make the electrically charged ions flow to create a current but only when those ions are free to move, either when the substance is a liquid or dissolved in water. In its solid state an ionic substance like salt cannot conduct electricity as its charged ions cannot flow.
Electrical insulators are substances that cannot conduct electricity well either, because they contain no charged particles or any charged particles they might contain do not flow easily. Water itself is a poor conductor of electricity as it does not contain a significant amount of fully charged particles (the ends of a water molecule are partly charged but overall the molecule is neutral). However, most water we encounter does contain dissolved charged particles, so it will be more conductive than pure water. Many of the problems that occur when touching electrical devices with wet hands result from the ever-present salt that is left on our skin through perspiration and it dissolves in the water to make it more conductive
We can have problems when touching electrical devices with wet hands because ______. 
A.the water dissolves the salt on our skin and becomes more conductive
B.the water containing no charged particles makes it more conductive
C.the water itself is a good conductor of electricity
D.the water contains too many neutral molecules