VII- Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B. C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 53 to 62.
A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or materials adversely. Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits continuous change. When the first air pollution laws were established in England in the fourteenth century, air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or smelled – a far cry from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. As technology has developed and knowledge of the health aspects of various chemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened. In the future, even water vapor might be considered an air pollutant under certain conditions.
Many of the more important are pollutants, such as sulfur dioxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, are found in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentration of these pollutants was altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycles. These serve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil. On a global basis, nature is output of these compounds dwarfs resulting from human activities. However, human production usually occurs in a localized area, such as a city.
In this localized region, human output may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycles. The result is an increased concentration of noxious chemicals in the air. The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities. The actual concentrations need not be large for a substance to be a pollutant; in fact the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area. For example, sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at 0.08 parts per million (ppm), which is about 400 times its natural level. Carbon monoxide, however, has a natural level of 0.1 ppm and is not usually a pollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm.
According to the passage, the numerical value of the concentration level of a substance is only useful if __________




A.the other substances in the area are known.
B.it is in a localized area.
C.the naturally occurring level is also known.
D.it can be calculated quickly.

VI- Mark the letter A, B. C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of the primary stress in each of the following questions.




A.enthusiasm
B.development
C.athletic
D.politics

IV- Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.
The total number of national Red Cross societies have mounted to 186.




A.the total
B.national
C.have
D.to

The word “focus” in the last paragraph can be replaced with__________.




A.central activity
B.primary theme
C.headline
D.biggest importance

The word “demanded” is closest in meaning to ________.




A.ordered
B.required
C.reported
D.questioned

___________(34)




A.of
B.about
C.with
D.for

He thinks you are _________ your time looking for a job in this town. There’s not much to do here.




A.wasting
B.missing
C.losing
D.spending

____ your help, I wouldn’t have got the scholarship.




A.If I had had
B.Had not it been for
C.But for
D.Unless I had

Deborah is going to take extra lessons to_____ what she missed while she was away.




A.catch up on
B.cut down on
C.take up with
D.put up with

Building thousands of years ago, the ancient palace is popular with modern tourists




A.Building
B.ago
C.the ancient
D.popular with