Đáp án:
$a) 12x^2 -12x+3$
$= 3(4x^2-4x+1)$
$=3(2x-1)^2$
$b) 3x(x-2)+5(2-x)$
$=3x(x-2)-5(x-2)$
$=(x-2)(3x-5)$
$c) x^2 -2x-y^2 +1$
$=(x^2 -2x+1)-y^2$
$=(x-1)^2 -y^2$
$=(x-1-y)(x-1+y)$
$d) 81x^4+4+36x^2 -36x^2$
$=(81x^4+36x^2+4)-36x^2$
$=(9x^2+2)^2 -36x^2$
$=(9x^2+2-6x)(9x^2+2+6x)$