`a) 312 . 101`
`= 312 . ( 100 + 1)`
`= 312 . 100 + 312 . 1`
`= 31 200 + 312`
`= 31512`
--------------------------
`b) 312 . 99`
`= 312 . ( 100 - 1)`
`= 312 . 100 - 312 . 1`
`= 31200 - 312`
`=30888`
--------------------------
`c)169.101`
`= 169 . ( 100 + 1)`
`= 169 . 100 + 169 . 1`
`= 16900 + 169`
`= 17069`
------------------------------
`d)169.99`
`= 169 . ( 100 - 1)`
`= 169 . 100 - 169 . 1`
`= 16900 - 169`
`=16731`