___________(28)
A.call  
B.calls  
C.calling
D.called

Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences.
As children grow..................., they want more independence from their parents.
A.down    
B.in  
C.up   
D.on

They keep ............... about an old friend whom they met yesterday. (talk)
A.to talk
B.talking
C.having talked
D.talk

Read the following passage  and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for  the question  from 46 to 55.
   Tides are the periodic rise and fall of the Earth’s waters that are caused the Moon’s and Sun’s forces of gravity acting on the Earth .It is important to distinguish natural tidal phenomena  from huge tsunamis , with the latter being caused  by earthquakes and undersea  volcanic eruptions.
    The Moon is a main factor controlling ordinary tides. At the location on the Earth closest to the Moon , it exerts a powerful gravitational pull on the water. The resulting rise in the water produces higher tides . The water on the side of the Earth farthest away from the Moon also gets pulled by this lunar gravity , but not as strongly. The Earth itself has its own gravitational force that is constantly pulling waters downward ,  which is why the oceans do not simply bulge out toward the Moon. Ordinary tides usually feature high  and low waters alternating in relation to the Earth’s rotation. Most shores around  the world have high waters and two low waters for each day, which last about 24 hours and 50 minutes. The difference in height between the high water and low water is called the range of tide, and it can be quite dramatic in narrower bays .Canada’s bays of Fundy , for example , commonly experiences the world’s most extreme tidal ranges , with daily differences of the 16 metres.
     Two other types of tides are influenced by the Sun , which is much farther away from the Earth and exerts less than half of the Moon’s gravitational force . When the Sun, the Moon and the Earth are directly in line , the solar and lunar gravitational forces add up to produce higher spring tides. The range of spring tides is intensified , with higher water marks and lower low water marks. However , when the Moon is in the first or third quarter , it is at a 90-degree angle with the Sun in relation to the Earth .The opposing solar and lunar forces partially cancel each other out , and the result is a lower tide. This is called a neap tide , which comes twice a month and has lower high water marks and higher low water marks. The range of neap tides is minimum.
      Some tides do not occur over water at all. The solid body of the Earth has slight elasticity, so lunar and solar gravity cause it to stretch very subtly. These changes in the Earth’s shape, although imperceptible to humans, are known as Earth tides. Another tidal phenomenon, atmospheric tides, is caused by the Sun’s heating of the Earth’s atmosphere. Like ordinary tides, they usually occur  over 12-hour periods. 
The word exerts in paragraph 2 is closet in meaning to 
A.  mixes with         
B.bring into use       
C.infers from  
D.connects with

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
            Continents and ocean basins represent the largest identifiable bodies on Earth. On the solid portions of the planet, the second most prominent features are flat plains, elavated plateaus, and large moutain ranges. In geography, the term "continent" refers to the surface of continuous landmasses that together comprise about 29.2% of the planet's surface. On the other hand, another definition is prevalent in the general use of the term that deals with extensive mainlands, such as Europe or Asia, that actually represent one very large landmass. Although all continents are bounded by the water bodies or high mountain ranges, isolated mainlands, such as Greenland and India-Pakistan areas are called subcontinents. In some circles, the distinction between continents and large islands lies almost exclusively in the size of a particular landmass.
            The analysis of compression and tension in the earth's crust has determined that continental structures are composed of layers that underlie continental shelves. A great deal of disagreement among geologists surrounds the issue of exactly how many layers underlie each landmass because of their distintive mineral and chemical composition. It's also quite possible that the ocean floor rests on top of unknown continents that have not yet been explored. The continental crust is believed to have been forrmed by means of a chemical reaction when lighter materials separated from heavier ones, thus settling at various levels within the crust. Assisted by the measurements of the specifics within crust formations by means of monitoring earthquakes, geologists can speculate that a chemical split occured to form the atmosphere, sea water and the crust before it solidified many centuries ago.
            Although each continent has its special features, all consist of various combinations of components that include shields, moutain belts, intracratonic basins, margins, volcanic plateaus, and blockvaulted belts. The basic differences among continents lie in the proportion and the composition of these features relative to the continent size. Climatic zones have a crucial effect on the weathering and formation of the surface features, soil erosion, soil deposition, land formation, vegetation, and human activities.
            Mountain belts are elongated narrow zones that have a characteristic folded sedimentary organization of layers. They are typically produced during substabtial crustal movements, which generate faulting and moutain building. When continental margins collide, the rise of a marginal edge leads to the formation of large moutain ranges, as explained by the plate tectonic theory. This process also accounts for the occurrence of mountain belts in ocean basins and produces evidence for the ongoing continental plate evolution.
According to the passage, what are the differences in the structure of continents?
A.The distinctive features of their elements.
B.Ratios of major components and their comparative size.
C.Climatic zones and their effect on the surface features.
D.The proportional size of continents to one another.

Many political radicals "advocated" that women should not be discriminated on the basic of their sex.
A.publicly said
B.openly criticized          
C.rightly claimed
D.publicly supported

Choose the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from that of the others.

A.attract
B.aquatic
C.added
D.facility

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.
The oceans are so vast and deep that until fairly recently, it was widely assumed that no matter how much trash and chemicals humans dumped into them, the effects would be negligible. Proponents of dumping in the oceans even had a catchphrase: "The solution to pollution is dilution."Today, we need look no further than the New Jersey-size dead zone that forms each summer in the Mississippi River Delta, or the thousand-mile-wide swath of decomposing plastic in the northern Pacific Ocean to see that this "dilution" policy has helped place a once flourishing ocean ecosystem on the brink of collapse.
There is evidence that the oceans have suffered at the hands of mankind for millennia. But recent studies show that degradation, particularly of shoreline areas, has accelerated dramatically in the past three centuries as industrial discharge and run-off from farms and coastal cities have increased.
Pollution is the introduction of harmful contaminants that are outside the norm for a given ecosystem. Common man-made pollutants reaching the oceans include pesticides, herbicides, chemical fertilizers, detergents, oil, sewage, plastics, and other solids. Many of these pollutants collect at the ocean's depths, where they are consumed by small marine organisms and introduced into the global food chain.
Many ocean pollutants are released into the environment far upstream from coastlines. Nitrogen-rich fertilizers applied by farmers inland, for example, end up in local streams, rivers, and groundwater and are eventually deposited in estuaries, bays, and deltas. These excess nutrients can spawn massive blooms of algae that rob the water of oxygen, leaving areas where little or no marine life can exist.
Solid wastes like bags, foam, and other items dumped into the oceans from land or by ships at sea are frequently consumed, with often fatal effects, by marine mammals, fish, and birds that mistake them for food. Discarded fishing nets drift for many years, ensnaring fish and mammals. In certain regions, ocean currents corral trillions of decomposing plastic items and other trash into gigantic, swirling garbage patches. One in the North Pacific, known as the Pacific Trash Vortex, is estimated to be the size of Texas.
Pollution is not always physical. In large bodies of water, sound waves can carry undiminished for miles. The increased presence of loud or persistent sounds from ships, sonar devices, oil rigs, and even from natural sources like earthquakes can disrupt the migration, communication, and reproduction patterns of many marine animals, particularly aquatic mammals like whales and dolphins.
(Source: http://www.oceannationalgeographic.com)
The word "they" in paragraph 4 refers to                                       .
A.the oceans      
B.marine organisms       
C.ocean's depths       
D. man-made pollutants

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
Urbanization programmes are being carried out in many parts of the world, especially in densely (33) _______ religion with limited land and resources. It is the natural outcome of economic development and industrialization. It has brought a lot of benefits to our society. However, it also (34) _______ various problems for local authorities and town planners in the process of maintaining sustainable urbanization, especially in developing countries.
When too many people cram into a small area, urban infrastructure can’t be effective. There will be a (35) _______ of livable housing, energy and water supply. This will create overcrowded urban districts with no proper facilities. Currently, fast urbanization is taking place predominantly in developing countries where sustainable urbanization has little relevance to people's lives. Their houses are just shabby slums with poor sanitation. Their children only manage to get basic education. Hence, the struggle for (36) _______ is their first priority rather than anything else. Only when the quality of their existence is improved, can they seek (37) _______ other high values in their life.
(36)
A.survive         
B.survival           
C.survivor            
D.survived

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.
As teenagers approach university level, a decision has to be made on what course to pursue. In this world of diversity, (31)                  such a choice is not easy for both children and parents. In the old days, it was not much a problem to do the task because there were not so many diverse learning areas to choose from. Besides, there were only a few distinctive professional careers like doctor, engineer, accountant, nurse, teacher, etc. to think about. Most higher learning usually led to a financially successful life. (32)                       , the cost of education was not so high.
Today's world is entirely different from the things (33)                 have just been described. The job market is constantly changing due to innovative technology and new (34)                  . Meanwhile, most teenagers have difficulty in identifying their own interests. There are a variety of well-organized career talks and student counseling workshops to guide and help teenagers (35)            what course to take. Furthermore, psychological tests are also used. Certain instruments such as surveys, interviews and computer software can help to find out preferences, interests, or learning styles of the students.
(Source: Essential Reading for IELTS by Humin & John A. Gordon)
(31)               
A.making          
B.giving 
C.taking   
D.having