Chuyên đề tự học môn Tiếng Anh - Danh động từ

CHUYÊN ĐỀ TỰ HỌC MÔN TIẾNG ANH (theo tham chiếu Châu Âu 6 bậc) GERUNDS 2016

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BÀI 3. GERUNDS - DANH ĐỘNG TỪ

I. Definition & Formation: Danh động từ là hình thức phái sinh của động từ và thực hiện các chức năng như các danh từ. Danh động từ được cấu tạo bằng cách thêm hậu tố -ing vào sau động từ gốc như các ví dụ dưới đây:

verbsgerundsverbsgerunds1.campcamping6.jogjogging2.divediving7.hikehiking3.drivedriving8.mountaineermountaineering4.fishfishing9.shopshopping5.gamblegambling10.studystudyingII. Functions: Danh động từ có hầu hết các chức năng như danh từ. Trong khuôn khổ tài liệu này chỉ những chức năng cơ bản có liên quan đến các mảng kiến thức ôn tập thi THPT Quốc gia của danh động từ được mô tả và phân tích như sau:

1. Subject (S): Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ thực hiện chức năng làm chủ ngữ cho động từ.

e.g. Fishing is his hobby. Getting into the city centre at this time of day isn’t easy.

S Vp S Vp

Studying abroad is a new trend in Vietnam.

S Vp

2. Complement (C): Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ thực hiện chức năng làm bổ ngữ cho động từ.

e.g. Her passion is studying. What we really want is escaping from this terrible place.

S V C S V C

Her favorite pastime is fishing.

S V C

3. Compound nouns: Các danh động từ thực hiện chức năng tạo ra các danh từ ghép như sau:

a. Gerund-noun: Ghép một danh động từ với một danh từ để tạo thành một danh từ ghép:

e.g. fishing-rod cooking-apple driving license

wrapping paper writing paper cooking oil

Note: A fishing-rod is a rod for fishing. A reading lamp is a lamp for reading. etc.

b. Non-gerund: Ghép một danh từ với một danh động từ để tạo thành một danh từ ghép:

e.g. fruit-picking sky-diving bush walking

time-counting bodybuilding windsurfing etc.

4. Object (O): Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ thực hiện chức năng làm tân ngữ cho động từ hoặc giới từ như trình bày dưới đây:

S – V – V+ing.

4.1. Direct objects: Follow these certain verbs - Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ thực hiện chức năng làm tân ngữ trực tiếp cho các động từ theo mẫu câu:

1.admit 6.continue11.finish16.love21.practice26.report2.appreciate7.delay12.hate17.mention22.prefer27.resent3.avoid8.deny13.keep18.mind23.quit28.resume4.begin9.enjoy14.like19.miss24.recall29.risk5.consider10.escape15.enjoy20.postpone25.recollect30.resist31.suggest e.g. He admitted having stolen the car. We finished working on our projects months ago.

She denied having cheated during exam. Children practice speaking English day after day.

4.2. Verb preposition: Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ thực hiện chức năng làm tân ngữ cho các động từ giới từ dưới đây theo mẫu câu:

S – V – pre – V+ing.

1.apologize for8.count on15.go back to22.mean by29.return to2.approve of9.depend on16.hesitate about23.object to30.safe from3.believe in10.dream of17.insist on24.persist in31.succeed in4.care for11.end in 18.keep on25.plan on32.take to5.complain of12.forget about19.lead to26.put off33.think about6.confess to13.get to20.long for27.rely on34.think of7.consist of14.give up21.look forward to28.result in35.threaten with36.worry about e.g. He apologized to me for having broken the vase.

She complained of not having been informed about the meeting.

We gave up working on our projects months ago.

Children succeeded in speaking English day after day.

4.3. Adjective preposition: Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ thực hiện chức năng làm tân ngữ cho các cụm tính từ giới từ dưới đây theo mẫu câu:

S – be – adj – pre – V+ing.

1.absorbed in16.clever at31.good at46.slow in2.accustomed to17.conscious of32.grateful for47.sorry for3.afraid of18.content with33.happy in (at)48.successful in (at)4.amused at19.delighted at34.incapable of49.sure of5.angry with20.different from35.interested in50.surprised at6.annoy at21.embarrassed at36.keen on51.thankful for7.ashamed of22.excited about37.nice about52.tired of8.aware of23.far from38.pleased at53.unaware of9.bored with 24.fed up with39.proud of54.unconscious of10.busy with25.fond of40.responsible for55.upset at11.capable of26.fortunate in41.right in56.worried about12.careful about27.free from42.scared at (of)57.wrong in13.careful in28.frightened of43.set on14.careless of29.furious at44.sick of15.certain about30.given to45.skilled in (at)e.g. The little boy was absorbed in playing video games.

The police are careful in investigating the case.

He is incapable of running such a big firm like that.

They are tired of waiting for the entrance exam results.

We were worried about travelling so far away from the head-quarter.

4.4. Idiom phrases: (phrases of words that have literal meanings) : Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ theo sau các ngữ cố định sau:

can’t bear e.g. He can’t bear staying at home all day.

can’t face e.g. The lady can’t face meeting her ex-husband very often.

can’t stand e.g. I can’t stand seeing him in this situation.

can’t help e.g. We couldn’t help weeping when we reunited yesterday.

feel like…. e.g. I felt like going out right after he enter

It’s no use... e.g. It’s no use explaining to such a mischievous boy.

It’s (not) worth… e.g. It’s not worth buying a second hand phone like that.

There’s no point in… e.g. There’s no point in quarreling as we have another ways.

4.5. Adjectives: Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ theo sau các tính từ sau:

1.amusing3.difficult5.great7.lovely9.off11.strange2.comfortable4.easy6.hopeless8.nice10.pleasant12.useless13.wonderful e.g. It’s amusing spending time with you here.

It’s hopeless waiting for an unpunctual person like him.

It’s useless staying out waiting for the postman.

4.6. Noun preposition: Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ theo sau các cụm danh từ giới từ sau:

1.choice of3.intention of5.possibility of2.excuse for4.method for6.reason for e.g. He has a choice of studying abroad.

They have no intention of selling their car.

He gave no reason for being late.

4.7. Complement of objects: Follow these below verbs - Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ theo sau các tân ngữ của các động từ sau:

1.call5.find9.keep13.send2.catch6.get10.leave14.set3.discover7.hear11.notice15.stop4.feel8.imagine12.see16.watch e.g. He catches the boy climbing over the wall. They saw an old man crossing the street.

We watched the ants fighting.

4.8. Subjunctive subject “it” or noun phrases;

Find/ found + it + V-ING:

e.g. He found the film annoying. They find the long walk tiring.

When/ on /while / as + V-ING:

e.g. When opening the case, he found his lost notebook.

On reading the letter, she burst into tears.

While cleaning the room, she found a diamond ring.

5. Special verbs: Một số động từ đặc biệt mà theo sau có thể là gerunds, hoặc infinitives, cụ thể như dưới đây:

5.1. stop: mang hai nghĩa khác nhau khi theo sau các cấu trúc khác nhau như sau:

a. stop + to infinitives (= stop this work to start the other work)

Dừng một việc để thực hiện việc khác

e.g. He stops to smoke. (He stops his work and starts smoking)

We stopped to rest. (We didn’t work anymore, and we rested)

b. stop + gerunds (= to give up a habit ) Từ bỏ một điều gì đó

e.g. He stops smoking. (He no longer smokes). They stopped fighting. (They gave up fighting)

5.2. try: mang hai nghĩa khác nhau khi theo sau các cấu trúc khác nhau như sau:

a. try + to infinitives (= manage successfully to do). Cố gắng làm gì đó

e.g. He tried to lift the case. (He managed to lift the case and succeeded)

He tried to work hard. (He did with all his capability)

b. try + gerunds (= to experience). Thử làm gì đó

e.g. He tried lifting the case. (He wanted to know whether he could lift it)

He tried smoking. (He wanted to know how he was when he smoked)

5.3. remember: mang hai nghĩa khác nhau khi theo sau các cấu trúc khác nhau như sau:

a. remember + to infinitives (= to make oneself aware of a task).

Ghi nhớ để thực hiện nhiệm vụ (luôn nhắc nhở bản thân thực hiện)

e.g. He remembered to lock the door. (He had to lock the door)

They remembered to buy food. (They reminded themselves to do so)

b. remember + gerunds (= to assure oneself a fulfilled task)

Nhớ về việc đã làm (bản thân chắc rằng mình đã thực hiện công việc đó)

e.g. He remembered locking the door. (He was sure that he had locked the door)

He remembered sending an email. (He was sure that he had sent)

5.4. forget: mang hai nghĩa khác nhau khi theo sau các cấu trúc khác nhau như sau:

a. forget + to infinitives (= to miss a task). Quên mất một nhiệm vụ

e.g. Sam forgot to buy food. (Sam didn’t buy food)

He forgot to close the door. (He didn’t close the door)

b. forget + gerunds (= the fulfilled task is forgotten). Quên một việc đã làm

e.g. Sam forgot buying food. (He bought food but he didn’t remember)

She forgot refunding my money. (She refunded but she fogot that)

5.5. regret: mang hai nghĩa khác nhau khi theo sau các cấu trúc khác nhau như sau:

a. regret + to infinitives (not want to do this task)

Bận tâm/ tiếc khi phải làm (hành động chưa được thực hiện)

e.g. Kim regretted to say the truth. (He didn’t want to say the truth but he had to)

He regretted to call the police. (he didn’t want but he had to)

b. regret + gerunds ( the task is done unexpectedly)

Hối tiếc về việc đã làm (hành động đã được thực hiện)

e.g. Kim regretted saying the truth. (He said and he regretted what he’d done)

He regretted not calling the police. (He wished he had called the police)

BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH

Exercise 1. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence.

1. I remembered____________ up in that house with my brothers and sisters.  A. to grow                        B. to growing                  C. grow       D. growing

2. They are going to______________ the pool to 1.8 meter.

A. deep B. depth C. deepen D. deeply

3. Is it possible for us to____________ to the cinema without him?

A. reach B. come C. arrive D. go

4. I want you to____________ your best clothes tonight for the party.

A. wore B. dress C. put on D. hung up.

5. She encouraged______________ the job.

A. to take the job B. that Frank should take C. Frank to take D. to Frank to take

6. I____________ you can swim so well and I can’t.

A. hate B. hate it that C. hate that D. hate it

7. Michael made me____________ him next week.

A. to promise to call B. to promise calling C. promise to call D. promise calling

8. We watched the cat____________ the tree.

A. climbed B. climb C. had climbed D. was climbing

9. I wish you____________ stop interrupting me whenever I speak

A. will B. would C. did D. might

10. I expect____________ a postcard from my father in England today.

A. being received B. to receive C. receiving D. to be receiving

11. The child was told to____________ for being rude to his uncle.

A. excuse B. apologize C. forgive D. confess

12. If you want your son to do better on his exams, I suggest he____________ harder.

A. will study B. studies C. will study D. study

13. I am looking for a friendly young person to help______ my elderly brother while I go out to work during the day.

A. take after B. give care of C. put up with D. look after

14. ____________ the class size is our school’s immediate aim.

A. Reduced B. Reduces C. Reducing D. Reduce

15. The plants need_____________ before noon.

A. watering B. to water C. be watered D. being watered

16. The school required that every student _____________before September 1st.

A register B. registered C. registers D. was registered

17. She resented_____________ waiting for hours in front of the cinema.

A. to be kept B. keeping C. being kept D. being keeping

18. The government has tried to ____________the price of petrol, but they failed.

A. bring on B. put in C. bring down D. get over

19. I'm __________ quite hungry now, aren't you?

A. getting B. becaming C. turning D. growing

20. Our learning and teaching equipment needs __________ if further improvement is to be achieved.

A. modernized B. to modernize C. modernizing D. modernize

Exercise 2. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence.

1. I don’t like____________ when I am not there.

A. criticizing B. being criticized C. to criticize D. to be criticized

2. Would you mind_____________ me a hand?

A. give B. gave C. to give D. giving

3. _____________ is a sport in which you move along the surface of the sea or a lake on a long narrow board with a sail on it.

A. Water polo B. Diving C. Windsurfing D. Scuba diving

4. Sometimes I do not feel like______________ to my sibling about my troubles.

A. talk B. to talk C. talking D. talked

5. Their children very much enjoy____________ cartoons.

A. watch B. watching C. watched D. to watch

6. I regret_____________ that your application has been unsuccessful.

  A. say                               B. saying                C. have said            D. to say

7. The missing man’s family is desperately seeking anyone________ information about his activities or whereabouts.

A. has B. having C. who have D. have

8. I’ll never forget_____________ that race. What a thrill!

A. to win B. win C. being won D. winning

9. The painting was beautiful. I stood there_____________ it for a long time.

A. for admiring B. being admired C. admire D. admiring

10. I was enjoying my book, but I stopped_____________ a program on TV.

A. reading to watch B. to read to watch C. to read for watching D. reading for to watch

11. - Mike: “Have you ever met the man_____ over there?” - Jane: “No. Who is he?”

A. stands B. standing C. is standing D. who he is standing

12. My brother stopped____________ two years ago.

A. smoked B. smoke C. to smoke D. smoking

13. Do you mind____________ the cooking?

A. doing B. to do C. before D. then

14. When friends insist on______________ expensive gifts, it makes most people uncomfortable.

A. them to accept B. they accepting C. their accepting D. they accept

15. A specific area of biotechnology that shows great promise for treatment and cure of life-_____ diseases.

A. developing B. threatening C. hoping D. fitting

16. He tried to limit himself to____________ 10 cigarettes a day. A. be smoking B. have smoked C. smoke D. smoking

17. The girl said that she was afraid of____________ alone in dark.

A. being left B. left C. to be interested D. interest

18. When he was questioned by the police, he admitted knowing about the wrongdoing, but denied_____________ in any way.

A. to be involved B. involving C. having involved D. being involved

19. Sometimes very young children have trouble_____________ fact from fiction and may believe that dragons actually exist.

A. to separate B. separating C. to be separated D. for separating

20. We enjoy___________ time together in the evening when the family members gather in the living-room after a day of working hard.

A. spending B. caring C. taking D. doing

Exercise 3. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence.

1. She hated____________ football matches on T.V and that’s why she scolded her husband.

A. watch B. watching C. watched D. to watch

2. Henry should have asked for help instead___________ to do it himself.

A. of trying B. to try C. try D. from trying

3. Who is the woman talking to Mai? I don’t recall___________ her around the office before.

A. to have seen B. seeing C. to see D. being seen

4. Mr. Larry was upset by___________ him the truth.

A. our not having told B. us not tell C. we didn’t tell D. not to tell

5. Do you have an excuse____________ late to class two days in a row?

A. for to be B. for being C. to be D. being

6. We considered______________ after work.

A. to go shop B. going shopping C. going to shop D. to go to shop

7. She is busy ___________ for his exams.

A. to study B. studied C. studying D. studies

8. ___________ is the activity of swimming underwater using special breathing equipment.

A. Synchronized swimming B. Rowing C. Water polo D. Scuba diving

9. When_______ a European, we should stick to the last name unless he suggests that we use his first name.

A. talking B. speaking C. discussing D. addressing

10. Before________ for a position, check whether you can fulfill all the requirements from the employer.

A. deciding B. applying C. requiring D. demanding

11. There is only one student in the classroom______________ his lesson.

A. prepared B. to prepare C. preparation D. preparing

12. Industry in the area consisted mostly of food-processing plants and factories________ consumer goods.

A. renovating B. initiating C. developing D. producing

13. It's no good __________ your father about your failure.

A. to tell B. tell C. telling D. told

14. ___________ is a sport in which people or teams race against each other in boats with oars.

A. Rowing B. Windsurfing C. Swimming D. Water polo

15. The equipment in our office needs_______________.

A. moderner B. modernizing C. modernized D. modernization

16. _____________ stamps is my hobby.

A. Collect B. Collection C. Collecting D. Collected

17. Do you know the woman_____________ over there?

A. sits B. who sit C. sat D. sitting

18. We spent a year_____________ this boat.

A. to build B. building C. over building D. for building

19. My friend Mary is a blabbermouth! She can’t resist____________ everyone what she heard from me.

A. tell B. to tell C. telling D. being told

20. ____________________, he gained lots of group-work skills.

A. Having lived abroad for years C. Live abroad for years

B. In order to live abroad for years D. To live abroad for years

Exercise 4: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

1. We are looking forward___________ you again soon.

A. to see B. to seeing C. saw D. have seen

2. My mother was afraid to let the boy___________ the tree.

A. to risk climbing B. to risk to climb C. risk climbing D. risk to climb

3. I remember___________ but he said I did not.

A. to buy him a book B. buy him a book C. buying him a book D. to have bought him a book

4. Remember___________ john a present. today is his birthday.

A. send B. to send C. sent D. sending

5. I suggest___________ some more mathematical puzzles.

A. do B. to do C. doing D. done

6. Would you mind___________ the door?

A. open B. to open C. opening D. opened

7. You should give up___________ or you will die of cancer.

A. smoke B. to smoke C. smoking D. smoked

8. The driver stopped___________ a coffee because he felt sleepy.

A. have B. to have C. having D. had

9. That old man tried to stop___________ because of his bad health.

A. smoke