Ôn tập Tiếng Anh 12 - Cụm từ/ Mệnh đề chỉ kết quả, Nhượng bộ

PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF RESULT

Phrases of result:

Cụm từ chỉ kết quả thường có “too’ hoặc “enough”

Too: (quá, không thể)

S + be (look, seem, become, get…) + too + adj (for + O) + to inf

S + V (thường) + too + adv (for + O) + to inf“ too” thường được dùng trong câu có nghĩa phủ định.

Enough: đủ…để có thể

S + be + adj + enough (for +O) + to inf

S + V (thường) + adv + enough (for +O) + to infII.Clauses of result

SO….THAT( quá đến nỗi mà)

S + be + so +adj + that +S + V

S + V(thường) + so + adv + that + S + V

Nếu đt trong mệnh đề chính là đt chỉ tri giác như “ look, seem, feel, taste…” ta dùng công thức như “be + So”

Eg: The little girl looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for her.

Nếu trước “So” có “ many, much, few, little” thì ta có cấu trúc.

S + V + so many/ few + dt đếm được số nhiều + that + S + V

Eg: I had so few jobs that it wasn’t difficult to select one.

S + V + so much/ little + dt không đếm được + that + S + V

Eg: He has invested so much money in the project that he can’t abandon it now.

Một số cấu trúc khác của “ So…That “

S + V + so + adj + a + dt đếm được số ít + that + S + V

Eg: It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.

SUCH … THAT (quá…đến nỗi mà)

S + V + such (a/an) + adj + N + that + S + V

Eg: It was such a hot day that we decided to stay at home.

She has such execptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.

PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION

Phrases of concession

In spite of + N/ N phrase/ gerund phrase

Despite <=>Clause of concession

Although

Though + S + V, S + V

Eventhough <=>

No matter + who/ what/ when/ where/ why/how(adj, adv) + S + V

Whatever (+N) + S + VMệnh đề bắt đầu bằng “No matter” hoặc “ whatever” thường được đặt trước mệnh đề chính.

Eg: No matter who you are, I still love you.

Whatever others may say, you are certainly right.

CLAUSES AFTER AS IF, AS THOUGH,

IT’S HIGH TIME. IT’S TIME, WOULD RATHER

Clause after As if, as though

S + Vsimple present + as if + S + V(past subjunctive)

As though V2; be => were

S + V(past) + as if + S + V (past perfect)

As though (had + V3) nếu chỉ hđ xảy ra

trước hđ ở mđ chính

Eg: She acts as if she were rich.

Tom looked tired as though he had worked very hard.

Clauses after “It’s time, it’s high time” (đã tới lúc)

(diễn tả tg mà một việc nên được làm ngay)

Followed by past tense with present meaning

It’s time + S + V (past simple)

It’s high time V2, be=> wereFollowed by infinitive

It’s time + (for + O) + infinitive

It’s high time

Eg: It’s high time you started to work.

It’s high time for her to go to bed.

Clauses after “Would rather” (mong muốn)

Mong muốn ở tương lai

S + would rather (that) + S (not) +V present

V (bare inf)

Eg: I would rather (that) you call me tomorrow.

I would rather you not call me next Sunday.

Mong muốn ở hiện tại(trái với thực tế, không có thật)

S + would rather (that) + S + V(past subjunctive)

V2, be => were

Eg: Jane would rather that it weren’t winter now.

Mong muốn ở quá khứ(trái với thực tế, không có thật)

S + would rather (that) + S + V past perfect

(Had +V3)

Eg: I would rather I had passed my last exam.

Would rather còn được dùng trong các cấu trúc sau:

S + would rather(not) + V (bare inf)…(than)…(tương lai/hiện tại)

Eg: I would rather stay at home tonight.

John would rather go to class tomorrow than today.

S + would rather (not) + have + V3…(than)… (quá khứ)

Eg: John would rather have gone to class yesterday than today.

Mary would rather not have gone to class yesterday.

CLAUSES OF REASON

Khái niệm:

        Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ lý do/ nguyên nhân là mệnh đề bổ nghĩa cho mệnh đề chính bằng cách xác định lý do/ nguyên nhân mà hành động của mệnh đề chính được thực hiện.

Các từ thường dùng:

       Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ lý do thường được bắt đầu bằng các một trong các liên từ sau:

        Because, for, since, as, in as much as, now that, seeing that (đều có nghĩa là “bởi vì”)

(Trong trường hợp mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ lý do thì as mang nghĩa là “Bởi vì”. Trong trường hợp mệnh đề chỉ thời gian thì as có nghĩa là “Khi”)

Ex:      Because she is old, she retires.

Now that my mother has been away, I am cooking by myself.

 => Lưu ý 1:  

    * Liên từ chỉ lý do/nguyên nhân "for" thường không đứng đầu câu

Ex:      They cancelled the match for it rained heavily.

    * Câu có chứa mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ lý do sẽ không thay đổi về mặt ngữ nghĩa khi ta bỏ liên từ chỉ lý do (because, for, since, as, in as much as, now that) ở mệnh đề này và thêm liên từ chỉ kết quả (so)vào trước mệnh đề kia.

  Ex:

They cancelled the match for it rained heavily

It rained heavily so they cancelled the match.

Because she is old, she retires. She is old, so she retires

Now that my mother has been away, I am cooking by myself.

My mother has been away so I am cooking by myself

   * Để diễn tả lý do, ta còn có thể sử dụng các giới từ sau đây:

                        Because of                 

                        On account of

                        By dint of (thường dùng với nghĩa tốt)     +       Noun/V-ing (phrase)

                        Due to (thường dùng với nghĩa xấu)                

                        Owing to        

                        By virtue of   

Ex:     

By dint of working hard, he earns much money.

Since he works hard, he earns much money.

Due to the snow, the train couldn’t run.

  => Lưu ý 2:

                   # BA HÌNH THỨC CHUYỂN MỆNH ĐỀ THÀNH DANH TỪ/ DANH ĐỘNG TỪ

           * Nếu 2 mệnh đề cùng chủ ngữ, ta lấy động từ chính của mệnh đề đó thêm –ing

Ex:

Because she is old, she retires

Because of being old, she retires (Because of her old age, she retires)

           * Nếu 2 mệnh đề khác chủ ngữ và động từ chính là "be", ta biến tính từ sau đó thành danh từ

      Ex:

Because her child is ill, she stays at home.

Because of her child s illness, she stays at home

           * Nếu 2 mệnh đề khác chủ ngữ và động từ chính là động từ thường, ta biến động từ đó thànhdanh từ

Ex:     

Because it rained heavily, they cancelled the match.

Because of the heavy rain, they cancelled the match.

               # ĐỔI GIỚI TỪ (PREP) THÀNH LIÊN TỪ (CONJ):  Để chuyển câu thì phải xác định đầy đủ các yếu tố sau: Subject, Verb và Tense

          Ex: 

By dint of working hard, he earns much money.

Since he works hard, he earns much money

                       # KHI TA THÊM “THE FACT THAT” VÀO SAU CÁC GIỚI TỪ:

 Because of, on account of, by dint of, due to, owing to, by wirtue of… thì chúng có thể được sử dụng giống như các liên từ, tức là theo sau nó là mệnh đề.

“Because of the fact that” = “Because”

Because of the fact that + Clause

Ex: Because she is a daughter of a rich man, he wants to marry her

Because of the fact that she is a daughter of a rich man, he wants to marry her.

I/ Viết lại câu

Because Mr Ha has no money, he has no friends no love.

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Although we admire his intelligence, we can’t stand his selfishness.

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In spite of working very hard, they got in stuck in solving the problem.

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Because of the bad character, Susan can’t keep her position in that company.

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They feel disappointed because they can’t sell their house with reasonable price.

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They are broke now because of spending too much at gambling.

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Thomas looks tired because of having to study hard for the next exam.

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The meeting was delayed because of the chairman’s lateness.

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She smiled happily although she was cheated by the man.

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Despite taking the raincoat, they got wet.

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Hung was the one who left home the latest because he was busy.

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Because of the rain, No plane could take off.

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Despite running very fast, John came to class late yesterday.

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Though they thought carefully before working, they made a terrible mistake.

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Although Ha noi isn’t the biggest city in Vietnam, It is the heart of the country for thousands year.

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16. In spite of knowing her for a long time, I can’t understand her.

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The students couldn’t understand the lesson well because of their teacher’s unclear explanation.

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People poured to the South because of thinking that they can earn money more easily there.

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I will still wait for you although I am disappointed with you.

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They will never get on well again although they have apologized each other.

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21. She laughed at him because he was stupid.

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II/Chọn đáp án đúng

Mary hurried, ................she was late.

A. because of B. because C. despite D. although

2. We can’t listen to the music, ....................the noise from the next room.

A. because of B. because C. despite D. although

3. .......................he has started many times, the engine couldn’t start.

A. because of B. because C. despite D. although

4. ....................their lateness, their teacher let them stand outside the classroom.

A. because of B. because C. despite D. although

5. Mary learns English well, .....................she often practices it regularly.

A. because of B. because C. despite D. although

6. They lose the way back to their hotel, ......................having forgotten the map of the city at their room.

A. because of B. because C. despite D. although

7. ..............the daughter sickness, they decided to delay their holiday.

A. because of B. because C. despite D. although

8. Lien’s parents felt unhappy, ...............her failure at the exam.

A. because of B. because C. despite D. although

9. Nga, .............family is going to move to the South, wanted to have a farewell party to her friends.

A. who B. whose C. whom D. which

10. Nga, ...............I met at Loan’s house last week, is a second year student.

A. who B. whose C. whom D. which

11. The pupil .................won the prize is our headmaster’s son.

A. who B. whose C. whom D. which

12. Do you know a person ..................can repair this bike.

A. who B. whose C. whom D. which

13. Mai doesn’t want to come in because she is afraid ............the dog.

A. in B. at C. by D. of

14. Feeling tired I stayed ..............bed late.

A. in B. at C. by D. of

15. The school is famous .........................its tied regulations of the teacher.

A. in B. for C. at D. from

16. Many students in Thing long are bad ..........English because of their laziness.

A. in B. for C. at D. from

17. His parents are surprised at his .............................

A. Succeed B. Successful C. success D. successfully

18. She smiled .........................because she was defeated.

A. happily B. unhappily C. happy D. unhappy

19. Because of her ....................., no one can teach her.

A/laziness B. lazy C. lazily D.

20. By the time they arrived, the train ..............................

A. left B. was leaving C. has left D. had left