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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. The idea of life in outer space has been talked about for a long time. Some scientists say that life development on Earth was far too unlikely for it to have happened anywhere else. Things had to be perfect for us to make it on this planet. Other scientists say that space is too big. Stars and other planets are far too numerous for there to be no other life in the universe. For many years, there have been reports of visitors from other planets. People all around the world have claimed to see alien spaceships or even aliens themselves. There have been glimpses of these so-called UFOs (unidentified flying objects) flying through the air and they have even been captured on video. Some Americans believe that the U.S. Army found an alien spaceship crashed in the desert and then lied to the press about it. Although these sightings may be true, scientists have not found significant evidence that aliens exist. If you go out into the countryside on a clear night and look up, you can see thousands of stars. These stars make up a tiny part of our universe. There are more stars, planets, and galaxies than we can count. Even the smartest scientists can’t even come close to defining how big space is. The number of possible stars and planets out there is bigger than our ability to count. If we are really on the only planet that can sustain life, then we are special in a universe full of amazing things. Question 44: Why does the author mention “reports of visitors from other planets”? A. To raise the issue of whether or not we are alone in the universe. B. To give an example of people who do not believe in science. C. To inform people that a spaceship crashed in the American desert. D. To explain why scientists are not interested in studying aliens. Question 45: What would be the best title for this passage? A. The Mysterious Crash Landing in America B. The Possibility of Life on Other Worlds C. The Life and Times of an Alien Life D. Visitors from Faraway Planets Question 46: According to the passage, what is NOT true about the night sky? A. The stars there are only a fraction of the universe. B. It has an uncountable amount of stars. C. It proves that aliens are real. D. We can see stars there. Question 47: What can be inferred about finding aliens? A. Aliens can be found in the USA. B. Scientists already know the truth. C. It’s already been done. D. It’s not possible yet. Question 48: What have some people claimed about aliens? A. Aliens are always kidnapping people. B. Aliens are extremely dangerous. C. Aliens often appear in dreams. D. They have encountered aliens. Question 49: The word “numerous” in bold in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ________. A. plentiful B. rare C. large D. interesting Question 50: The word “they” in bold in paragraph 2 refers to ________. A. videos B. glimpses C. UFOs D. people

Advertising makes an immense difference in the popularity of a product. Studies have shown that consumers usually pay more for advertised products than non-advertised products. As a result, the marketing and advertising industry is a multibillion-dollar-a-year business. Local commercials can cost as little as several hundred dollars to products, while national companies have been known to spend hundreds of thousands of dollars on a single commercial. Interestingly, the source of these expensive commercials is the consumers who view the advertisements from the comfort of their living room. Companies influence the prices that consumers pay in two ways. When consumers purchase any products, they are obviously paying for the cost of manufacturing the product. However, they are also paying for the advertising campaign devised to convince consumers to buy the product. The more costly the advertising campaign, the higher the price paid by consumers. Companies are allowed to set these high prices because consumers have shown that they will continue to pay them. For instance, a multinational chain of coffee shops significantly raised its prices a few years ago, due in no small part to an expensive national advertising campaign. While regular customers noticed and were not fond of the hike, one was quoted as saying, “I doubt it will make an impact [on consumers]. It won’t change my habit.” Indeed, it did not, the company experienced record sales in spite of the fact its prices were higher than its competitors’. Another way advertising tends to affect product pricing is seen in the arena of perceived value to the consumers. The perceived value is the worth that consumers assign to a product. Studies show that often the advertising for a product determines its value more than the quality or necessity of the product itself. One way a company may take advantage of this perceived value is by running commercials during prime time. These ads are usually much more expensive than others. For example, a national commercial that ran during a popular American show cost close to $745,000 to run for thirty seconds. If people watching the show perceive that the product is more valuable simply because it was advertised during prime time, they are often willing to pay higher prices. So, whether it is seen in the cost of the commercials or the advertiser-assigned value, it is obvious that advertising drives product pricing and directly affects consumers. Question 40: How do companies determine the price they charge for a product? A. By basing their prices on advertising costs and competitor prices. B. By including the cost of advertising in the overall costs. C. By determining the overall costs of making the products. D. By choosing perceived value or manufacturing costs. Question 41: Which of the following can be inferred about pricing and advertising? A. Products that are not advertised cost more than advertised products. B. Companies selling higher-priced products usually advertised more. C. Customers will pay little for a non-advertised product. D. Local companies will not spend money on advertising. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions. Question 42: Few other paintings in the world are as famous as the Mona Lisa. A. Only a small number of paintings throughout the world are equally well-known as the Mona Lisa. B. The Mona Lisa is among a group of paintings that are very famous worldwide. C. There are more famous paintings in the world than the Mona Lisa, but not many. D. A few other paintings in the world are more famous than the Mona Lisa. Question 43: Had I known how crowded it’d be, I’d never have moved to Madrid. A. Since it was so crowded in Madrid, I decided that I would never move there. B. I moved to Madrid only because I was unaware of how many people were there. C. In the end, Madrid turned out to be far more crowded than I’d thought before moving there. D. I would have had a better time living in Madrid if only there hadn’t been so many people.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. Advertising makes an immense difference in the popularity of a product. Studies have shown that consumers usually pay more for advertised products than non-advertised products. As a result, the marketing and advertising industry is a multibillion-dollar-a-year business. Local commercials can cost as little as several hundred dollars to products, while national companies have been known to spend hundreds of thousands of dollars on a single commercial. Interestingly, the source of these expensive commercials is the consumers who view the advertisements from the comfort of their living room. Companies influence the prices that consumers pay in two ways. When consumers purchase any products, they are obviously paying for the cost of manufacturing the product. However, they are also paying for the advertising campaign devised to convince consumers to buy the product. The more costly the advertising campaign, the higher the price paid by consumers. Companies are allowed to set these high prices because consumers have shown that they will continue to pay them. For instance, a multinational chain of coffee shops significantly raised its prices a few years ago, due in no small part to an expensive national advertising campaign. While regular customers noticed and were not fond of the hike, one was quoted as saying, “I doubt it will make an impact [on consumers]. It won’t change my habit.” Indeed, it did not, the company experienced record sales in spite of the fact its prices were higher than its competitors’. Another way advertising tends to affect product pricing is seen in the arena of perceived value to the consumers. The perceived value is the worth that consumers assign to a product. Studies show that often the advertising for a product determines its value more than the quality or necessity of the product itself. One way a company may take advantage of this perceived value is by running commercials during prime time. These ads are usually much more expensive than others. For example, a national commercial that ran during a popular American show cost close to $745,000 to run for thirty seconds. If people watching the show perceive that the product is more valuable simply because it was advertised during prime time, they are often willing to pay higher prices. So, whether it is seen in the cost of the commercials or the advertiser-assigned value, it is obvious that advertising drives product pricing and directly affects consumers. Question 34: The author mentions commercials running during prime time in order to ____. A. contrast effective advertising with unsuccessful product. B. refute the idea that consumers pay more for products they see on television. C. explain how consumers justify paying higher prices for products. D. provide a function of television advertising on a national level Question 35: The author uses the chain of coffee shops as an example of_____. A. a costly advertising campaign that failed B. the competitive nature of the advertising industry C. a means by which large businesses deceive consumers. D. the acceptance of higher costs by consumers Question 36: Which of the following is NOT true about the perceived value of a product? A. It is partially determined by consumers. B. It is influenced by advertising. C. It can be higher than the actual value. D. It is the same as the true value. Question 37: Which of the following can the inferred from paragraph 3? A. Price is not the only factor affecting buyer decisions. B. Consumers will pay less when they see expensive advertisements. C. The lowest-priced products are usually purchased the most. D. Consumers become angry when prices are raised too high. Question 38: According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about the coffee chain’s price increase? A. Many consumers stopped buying their coffee there. B. The coffee chain raised prices so they could advertise more. C. Customers acknowledged the change in prices. D. The price increase did not change customers’ drinking habits. Question 39: Which of the following is true about the effect of higher-priced ad campaign? A. They have positive effect on customers. B. They increase the price consumers must pay. C. They are a response to consumer demand. D. They result in competitor price matching.

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