In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such
language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions
of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg or culture.
Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor
cultural outsiders are aware that certain "invisible" aspects of their culture exist.
Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite,
what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behavior,
what we consider beautiful or ugly. These are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of
it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned
implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behavior as cultural in origin.
Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are
unable to recognize others’ behavioral differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other
people's behavior, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are
experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system
are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less
misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a
language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his
thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our
language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural
differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.

Which of the following would most likely result in misunderstanding?
A. Learning culture about our own culture in school
B. Unusual food being cooked by foreign visitors
C. Strange behavior from someone speaking a foreign language
D. Strange behavior from someone speaking our language

In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such
language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions
of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg or culture.
Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor
cultural outsiders are aware that certain "invisible" aspects of their culture exist.
Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite,
what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behavior,
what we consider beautiful or ugly. These are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of
it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned
implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behavior as cultural in origin.
Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are
unable to recognize others’ behavioral differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other
people's behavior, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are
experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system
are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less
misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a
language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his
thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our
language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural
differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.

The “exotic” in bold in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. colourful B. strange C. familiar D. beautiful

In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such
language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions
of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg or culture.
Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor
cultural outsiders are aware that certain "invisible" aspects of their culture exist.
Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite,
what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behavior,
what we consider beautiful or ugly. These are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of
it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned
implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behavior as cultural in origin.
Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are
unable to recognize others’ behavioral differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other
people's behavior, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are
experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system
are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less
misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a
language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his
thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our
language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural
differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.

The author implies that institutions such as school and workplaces _______.
A. are aware of cultural differences
B. teach their employees about cultural differences
C. reinforce invisible cultural differences

D. Share a common culture

In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such
language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions
of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg or culture.
Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor
cultural outsiders are aware that certain "invisible" aspects of their culture exist.
Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite,
what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behavior,
what we consider beautiful or ugly. These are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of
it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned
implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behavior as cultural in origin.
Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are
unable to recognize others’ behavioral differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other
people's behavior, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are
experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
A. We are often aware that we are learning about culture
B. Visible aspects of cultures receive much attention in discussion of cultural diversity
C. People misinterpret other people's behavior because they know they are experiencing cultural differences
D. Invisible cultural differences are often witnessed at formal organizations and institutions

In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such
language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions
of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg or culture.
Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor
cultural outsiders are aware that certain "invisible" aspects of their culture exist.
Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite,
what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behavior,
what we consider beautiful or ugly. These are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of
it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned
implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behavior as cultural in origin.
Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are
unable to recognize others’ behavioral differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other
people's behavior, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are
experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system
are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less
misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a
language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his
thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our
language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural
differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.

It can be inferred paragraph 3 that conflict results when_______
A. people think cultural differences are personal
B. people compete with those from other cultures
C. one culture is more invisible than another culture
D. some people recognize more cultural differences than others

In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such
language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions
of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg or culture.
Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor
cultural outsiders are aware that certain "invisible" aspects of their culture exist.
Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite,
what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behavior,
what we consider beautiful or ugly. These are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of
it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned
implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behavior as cultural in origin.
Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are
unable to recognize others’ behavioral differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other
people's behavior, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are
experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system
are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less
misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a
language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his
thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our
language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural
differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise

.The phrase "the tip of the iceberg" in bold in paragraph 1 means that ____.
A. other cultures seem cold to us
B. visible aspects of culture are learned in institutions
C. we usually focus on the highest forms of culture
D. most aspects of culture cannot be seen

In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such
language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions
of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg or culture.
Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor
cultural outsiders are aware that certain "invisible" aspects of their culture exist.
Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite,
what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behavior,
what we consider beautiful or ugly. These are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of
it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned
implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behavior as cultural in origin.
Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are
unable to recognize others’ behavioral differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other
people's behavior, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are
experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system
are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less
misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a
language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his
thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our
language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural
differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.

The word “deliberately" in bold in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ___.
A. slowly B. accurately C. intentionally D. randomly

In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such
language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions
of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg or culture.
Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor
cultural outsiders are aware that certain "invisible" aspects of their culture exist.
Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite,
what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behavior,
what we consider beautiful or ugly. These are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of
it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned
implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behavior as cultural in origin.
Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are
unable to recognize others’ behavioral differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other
people's behavior, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are
experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system
are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less
misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a
language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his
thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our
language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural
differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.
Question 43: What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To explain the importance of invisible aspects of culture.
B. To describe cultural diversity.
C. To point out that much of culture is learned consciously.
D. To explain why cross-cultural conflict occurs.

When most people hear the term “National Park”, they automatically think of names such as “Yellowstone”,
or “Yosemite”, or “Grand Canyon”. The big parks’ names bring to mind vast stretches of undisturbed
wilderness perfect for hiking, camping, and nature-watching. But while this vision of America’s National Parks
is wholly accurate and sufficiently breathtaking, there’s more.
America’s National Park system has an incredible 388 places to visit. This number includes not only the big
parks, but also monuments, historical sites, recreation areas, battlefields, as well as scenic lakeshores, and
rivers. And the Parks themselves don’t just stop at geyser-fields and mule-excursions. In America’s National
Parks, you can climb an active volcano in Hawaii, “spelunk” the vast underground world of Mammoth Cave in
Kentucky, dive the exotic coral reef of Biscayne Bay in Florida, or cast your fishing nets in the far reaches of
the Pacific with the locals of America Samoa. Each of these 388 places has a unique appeal – from the natural
to the manmade, from the ethereal to the factual, from the subtle to the overwhelming – with the whole
collection offering vacationers a nearly endless range of interests and activitists in which to explore and
indulge.
SeeAmerica.org is a great place to begin planning your trip to one of, or several of, America’s National
Parks. From the home pages, you can search all of the Parks by name, region, activity, or even zip code. The
site also serves as a portal to other important sites, like the Nartional Park Sevice’s official website,
www.nps.gove, and the National Park Foundation’s www.nationalparks.org. From SeeAmerica.org, you can get
to all the information you will need to plan your trip from start to finish- from directions to the park, to park
free, to typical weather conditions.Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. The names of parks just suggest part of the pleasure of visits to them.
B. There are 388 places of interest in the US national park system.
C. All you see at national parks are natural.
D. There are great variety of things for vacationers to enjoy.

When most people hear the term “National Park”, they automatically think of names such as “Yellowstone”,
or “Yosemite”, or “Grand Canyon”. The big parks’ names bring to mind vast stretches of undisturbed
wilderness perfect for hiking, camping, and nature-watching. But while this vision of America’s National Parks
is wholly accurate and sufficiently breathtaking, there’s more.
America’s National Park system has an incredible 388 places to visit. This number includes not only the big
parks, but also monuments, historical sites, recreation areas, battlefields, as well as scenic lakeshores, and
rivers. And the Parks themselves don’t just stop at geyser-fields and mule-excursions. In America’s National
Parks, you can climb an active volcano in Hawaii, “spelunk” the vast underground world of Mammoth Cave in
Kentucky, dive the exotic coral reef of Biscayne Bay in Florida, or cast your fishing nets in the far reaches of
the Pacific with the locals of America Samoa. Each of these 388 places has a unique appeal – from the natural
to the manmade, from the ethereal to the factual, from the subtle to the overwhelming – with the whole
collection offering vacationers a nearly endless range of interests and activitists in which to explore and
indulge.
SeeAmerica.org is a great place to begin planning your trip to one of, or several of, America’s National
Parks. From the home pages, you can search all of the Parks by name, region, activity, or even zip code. The
site also serves as a portal to other important sites, like the Nartional Park Sevice’s official website,
www.nps.gove, and the National Park Foundation’s www.nationalparks.org. From SeeAmerica.org, you can get
to all the information you will need to plan your trip from start to finish- from directions to the park, to park
free, to typical weather conditions.

The word “indulge” mostly means _______?
A. wander off B. enjoy yourself C. live alone D. interfere with