Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to Indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
There is a wide range of organisms by their population whose lives mostly depend on how they hunt or are hunted. And most living organisms have some way of protecting themselves from natural predators. Some mammals, like the platypus, carry internal toxins to transmit to predators via biting or other means, and some plants protect themselves by being poisonous. The African crested rat was originally thought to be poisonous because predators that tried to eat it often became paralyzed. But scientists have recently learned that's not actually the case.
The crested rat chews on the poisonous bark of a certain tree, and then smears the chewed-up substance onto its fur, where a strip of special quill-like hairs soaks up the poisonous mixture. Though similar to a porcupine's, the quills do differ: whereas the porcupine defends itself by poking predators, the African rat uses its quill-like hairs to deliver poison to them. When a predator comes after it, instead of running away, the rat stays put and parts its hair to reveal the strip of fur on its back where the poison is being stored. That raised strip is the first thing that receives a bite, and the poison inside disables the predator. These hair tubes are unusual. In fact, scientists do not know of another animal that uses plant poison in this way.
Scientists are puzzled that the rat doesn't appear to be affected by the poison. Because it affects heartbeat regulation, understanding how the rat can keep its heart rate regulated effectively while using the poison could help scientists develop new medicines for people with heart trouble. And they hope that those suffering from heart diseases will benefit from this.
In paragraph 1, why does the author mention the platypus?
A.To illustrate that mammals may eat poisonous plants.
B.To give an example of a mammal that uses poison.
C.To show how it differs from the crested rat.
D.To explain that the platypus is at risk.

All of the following are mentioned in the passage EXCEPT:
A.The cause of the accident is the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
B.The earthquake causes a great damage to Japan and the neighboring country.
C.The tsunami struck the country after the earthquake had occurred approximately an hour.
D.The reactor was barred from external assistance because of the flooding and earthquake damage.

Thanks for your help and encouragement, I have my life as today. (But for)
A.But for your help and encouragement, I had my life as today
B.But for your help and encouragement, I have my life as today
C.But for your help and encouragement, I wouldn't have my life as today
D.But for helping and encouraging, I wouldn't have my life as today

You ................. poor marks if you don't work hard. (get)
A.gets
B.will get
C.would get
D.had got

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following question.
Mr. Smith is a professor. His car was stolen yesterday.
A.Mr. Smith, who his car was stolen yesterday, is a professor.
B.His car was stolen yesterday, he is a professor.
C.Mr. Smith, who is a professor, his car was stolen yesterday.
D.Mr. Smith, whose car was stolen yesterday, is a professor.

Task 1. Mark the letter A, B, C, D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation.

A.walk
B.wash
C.on
D.not

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best joins each of the following pairs of sentences in each of the following questions.
Our flight was delayed. We decided to take a long walk around the terminal.
A.We have been walking around the terminal for a long time since the delay of our flight.
B.We decided to take a long walk around the terminal in case our flight was delayed.
C.Since our flight was delayed, we decided to take a long walk around the terminal.
D.We have been taking a long walk around the terminal since our flight was delayed.

Choose one word or phrase – (A, B, C or D) - that best completes the sentences  from questions 7 to 22:
He ____________me that if he were me, he would do that work.
A.asked
B.said to me    
C.talked
D.advised

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
According to anthropologists, people in preindustrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modern comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) when 10- to 12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm. Even with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living were low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasingly common to treat Saturday afternoons as a half-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in Britain by the 1870's, but did not become common in the United States until the 1920's.
In the United States, the first third of the twentieth century saw the workweek move from 60 hours per week to just under 50 hours by the start of the 1930' s. In 1914, Henry Ford reduced daily work hours at his automobile plants from 9 to 8. In 1926 he announced that henceforth his factories would close for the entire day on Saturday. At the time, Ford received criticism from other firms such as United States Steel and Westinghouse, but the idea was popular with workers.
The Depression years of the 1930's brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around; the workweek dropped to a modem low for the United States of 35 hours. In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940, and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in the United States. Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not immutable. In 1987, for example, German metalworkers struck for and received a 37.5-hour workweek; and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-hour week. Since 1989, the Japanese government has moved from a 6- to a 5-day workweek and has set a national target of 1,800 work hours per year for the average worker. The average amount of work per year in Japan in 1989 was 2,088 hours per worker, compared to 1,957 for the United States and 1,646 for France.
The word "henceforth" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
A.for a brief period.  
B.from that time on. 
C.in the end.        
D.on occasion.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
He expected _______ for an Oscar, but he wasn’t.
A.nominating
B.to nominate
C.to be nominated
D.being nominated