Read the following passage and the mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 32 to 41.
Plants and animals will find it difficult to escape from or adjust to the effects of global warming. Scientists have already observed shifts in the lifecycles of many plants and animals, such as flowers blooming earlier and birds hatching earlier in the spring. Many species have begun shifting where they live or their annual migration patterns due to warmer temperatures.
With further warming, animals will tend to migrate toward the poles and up mountainsides toward higher elevations. Plants will attempt to shift their ranges, seeking new areas as old habitats grow too warm. In many places, however, human development will prevent these shifts. Species that find cities or farmland blocking their way north or south may become extinct. Species living in unique ecosystems, such as those found in popular and mountaintop regions, are specially at risk because migration to new habitats is not possible. For example, polar bears and marine mammals in the Arctic are already threatened by dwindling sea ice but have nowhere father north to go.
Projecting species extinction due to global warming is extremely difficult. Some scientists have estimated that 20 to 50 percent of species could be committed to extinction with 2 to 3 Celsius degrees of further warming. The rate of warming, not just the magnitude, is extremely important for plants and animals. Some species and even entire ecosystems, such as certain types of forest, may not be able to adjust quickly enough and may disappear.
Ocean ecosystems, especially fragile ones like coral reefs, will also be affected by global warming. Warmer ocean temperatures can cause coral to “bleach”, a state which if prolonged will lead  to the death of the coral. Scientists estimate that even 1 Celsius degree of additional warming could lead to widespread bleaching and death of coral reefs around the world. Also, increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the ocean and increases the acidity of the waters. This acidification further stresses ocean ecosystems.
From “Global Warming” by Michael Mastrandrea and Stephen H.Schneider
The word “fragile” in the paragraph 4 indicates __________
A.pretty hard
B.easily damaged
C.rather strong
D.very large

Read the following passage and the mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 32 to 41.
Plants and animals will find it difficult to escape from or adjust to the effects of global warming. Scientists have already observed shifts in the lifecycles of many plants and animals, such as flowers blooming earlier and birds hatching earlier in the spring. Many species have begun shifting where they live or their annual migration patterns due to warmer temperatures.
With further warming, animals will tend to migrate toward the poles and up mountainsides toward higher elevations. Plants will attempt to shift their ranges, seeking new areas as old habitats grow too warm. In many places, however, human development will prevent these shifts. Species that find cities or farmland blocking their way north or south may become extinct. Species living in unique ecosystems, such as those found in popular and mountaintop regions, are specially at risk because migration to new habitats is not possible. For example, polar bears and marine mammals in the Arctic are already threatened by dwindling sea ice but have nowhere father north to go.
Projecting species extinction due to global warming is extremely difficult. Some scientists have estimated that 20 to 50 percent of species could be committed to extinction with 2 to 3 Celsius degrees of further warming. The rate of warming, not just the magnitude, is extremely important for plants and animals. Some species and even entire ecosystems, such as certain types of forest, may not be able to adjust quickly enough and may disappear.
Ocean ecosystems, especially fragile ones like coral reefs, will also be affected by global warming. Warmer ocean temperatures can cause coral to “bleach”, a state which if prolonged will lead  to the death of the coral. Scientists estimate that even 1 Celsius degree of additional warming could lead to widespread bleaching and death of coral reefs around the world. Also, increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the ocean and increases the acidity of the waters. This acidification further stresses ocean ecosystems.
From “Global Warming” by Michael Mastrandrea and Stephen H.Schneider
According to the passage, if some species are not able to adjust quickly to warmer temperatures, __________
A.the will certainly need water
B.they can begin to develop
C.they may be endangered
D.they move to tropical forests

Read the following passage and the mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 32 to 41.
Plants and animals will find it difficult to escape from or adjust to the effects of global warming. Scientists have already observed shifts in the lifecycles of many plants and animals, such as flowers blooming earlier and birds hatching earlier in the spring. Many species have begun shifting where they live or their annual migration patterns due to warmer temperatures.
With further warming, animals will tend to migrate toward the poles and up mountainsides toward higher elevations. Plants will attempt to shift their ranges, seeking new areas as old habitats grow too warm. In many places, however, human development will prevent these shifts. Species that find cities or farmland blocking their way north or south may become extinct. Species living in unique ecosystems, such as those found in popular and mountaintop regions, are specially at risk because migration to new habitats is not possible. For example, polar bears and marine mammals in the Arctic are already threatened by dwindling sea ice but have nowhere father north to go.
Projecting species extinction due to global warming is extremely difficult. Some scientists have estimated that 20 to 50 percent of species could be committed to extinction with 2 to 3 Celsius degrees of further warming. The rate of warming, not just the magnitude, is extremely important for plants and animals. Some species and even entire ecosystems, such as certain types of forest, may not be able to adjust quickly enough and may disappear.
Ocean ecosystems, especially fragile ones like coral reefs, will also be affected by global warming. Warmer ocean temperatures can cause coral to “bleach”, a state which if prolonged will lead  to the death of the coral. Scientists estimate that even 1 Celsius degree of additional warming could lead to widespread bleaching and death of coral reefs around the world. Also, increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the ocean and increases the acidity of the waters. This acidification further stresses ocean ecosystems.
From “Global Warming” by Michael Mastrandrea and Stephen H.Schneider
It is mentioned in the passage that if the global temperature rose by 2 or 3 Celsius degree, ________
A.haf of the earth’s surface would be flooded
B.water supply would decrease by 50 percent.
C.the sea level would rise by 20 centimeters.
D.20 to 50 percent of species could become extinct.

Read the following passage and the mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 32 to 41.
Plants and animals will find it difficult to escape from or adjust to the effects of global warming. Scientists have already observed shifts in the lifecycles of many plants and animals, such as flowers blooming earlier and birds hatching earlier in the spring. Many species have begun shifting where they live or their annual migration patterns due to warmer temperatures.
With further warming, animals will tend to migrate toward the poles and up mountainsides toward higher elevations. Plants will attempt to shift their ranges, seeking new areas as old habitats grow too warm. In many places, however, human development will prevent these shifts. Species that find cities or farmland blocking their way north or south may become extinct. Species living in unique ecosystems, such as those found in popular and mountaintop regions, are specially at risk because migration to new habitats is not possible. For example, polar bears and marine mammals in the Arctic are already threatened by dwindling sea ice but have nowhere father north to go.
Projecting species extinction due to global warming is extremely difficult. Some scientists have estimated that 20 to 50 percent of species could be committed to extinction with 2 to 3 Celsius degrees of further warming. The rate of warming, not just the magnitude, is extremely important for plants and animals. Some species and even entire ecosystems, such as certain types of forest, may not be able to adjust quickly enough and may disappear.
Ocean ecosystems, especially fragile ones like coral reefs, will also be affected by global warming. Warmer ocean temperatures can cause coral to “bleach”, a state which if prolonged will lead  to the death of the coral. Scientists estimate that even 1 Celsius degree of additional warming could lead to widespread bleaching and death of coral reefs around the world. Also, increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the ocean and increases the acidity of the waters. This acidification further stresses ocean ecosystems.
From “Global Warming” by Michael Mastrandrea and Stephen H.Schneider
The phrase “dwindling sea ice” in the paragraph 2 refers to _________
A.the cold ice in the Arctic
B.the violent Arctic Ocean
C.the melting ice in the Arctic
D.the frozen water in the Arctic.

Read the following passage and the mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 32 to 41.
Plants and animals will find it difficult to escape from or adjust to the effects of global warming. Scientists have already observed shifts in the lifecycles of many plants and animals, such as flowers blooming earlier and birds hatching earlier in the spring. Many species have begun shifting where they live or their annual migration patterns due to warmer temperatures.
With further warming, animals will tend to migrate toward the poles and up mountainsides toward higher elevations. Plants will attempt to shift their ranges, seeking new areas as old habitats grow too warm. In many places, however, human development will prevent these shifts. Species that find cities or farmland blocking their way north or south may become extinct. Species living in unique ecosystems, such as those found in popular and mountaintop regions, are specially at risk because migration to new habitats is not possible. For example, polar bears and marine mammals in the Arctic are already threatened by dwindling sea ice but have nowhere father north to go.
Projecting species extinction due to global warming is extremely difficult. Some scientists have estimated that 20 to 50 percent of species could be committed to extinction with 2 to 3 Celsius degrees of further warming. The rate of warming, not just the magnitude, is extremely important for plants and animals. Some species and even entire ecosystems, such as certain types of forest, may not be able to adjust quickly enough and may disappear.
Ocean ecosystems, especially fragile ones like coral reefs, will also be affected by global warming. Warmer ocean temperatures can cause coral to “bleach”, a state which if prolonged will lead  to the death of the coral. Scientists estimate that even 1 Celsius degree of additional warming could lead to widespread bleaching and death of coral reefs around the world. Also, increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the ocean and increases the acidity of the waters. This acidification further stresses ocean ecosystems.
From “Global Warming” by Michael Mastrandrea and Stephen H.Schneider
The pronoun “those” in paragraph 2 refers to ____________
A.areas
B.habitats
C.species
D.ecosystems.

Read the following passage and the mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 32 to 41.
Plants and animals will find it difficult to escape from or adjust to the effects of global warming. Scientists have already observed shifts in the lifecycles of many plants and animals, such as flowers blooming earlier and birds hatching earlier in the spring. Many species have begun shifting where they live or their annual migration patterns due to warmer temperatures.
With further warming, animals will tend to migrate toward the poles and up mountainsides toward higher elevations. Plants will attempt to shift their ranges, seeking new areas as old habitats grow too warm. In many places, however, human development will prevent these shifts. Species that find cities or farmland blocking their way north or south may become extinct. Species living in unique ecosystems, such as those found in popular and mountaintop regions, are specially at risk because migration to new habitats is not possible. For example, polar bears and marine mammals in the Arctic are already threatened by dwindling sea ice but have nowhere father north to go.
Projecting species extinction due to global warming is extremely difficult. Some scientists have estimated that 20 to 50 percent of species could be committed to extinction with 2 to 3 Celsius degrees of further warming. The rate of warming, not just the magnitude, is extremely important for plants and animals. Some species and even entire ecosystems, such as certain types of forest, may not be able to adjust quickly enough and may disappear.
Ocean ecosystems, especially fragile ones like coral reefs, will also be affected by global warming. Warmer ocean temperatures can cause coral to “bleach”, a state which if prolonged will lead  to the death of the coral. Scientists estimate that even 1 Celsius degree of additional warming could lead to widespread bleaching and death of coral reefs around the world. Also, increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the ocean and increases the acidity of the waters. This acidification further stresses ocean ecosystems.
From “Global Warming” by Michael Mastrandrea and Stephen H.Schneider
According to paragraph 2, when their habitats grow warmer, animals tend to move ___________
A.toward the North Pole and down mountainsides toward lower elevations.
B.toward the poles and up mountainsides toward higher elevations.
C.south-eastwards and down mountainsides toward lower elevations
D.north-westwards and up mountainsides toward higher elevations.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B,C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 42 to 51.
       Library is a collection of books and other informational materials made available to people for reading, study, or reference. The word library comes (42)_________ liber, the Latin word for  “ book” . (43) _____ , library collections have almost always contained a variety of materials. Contemporary libraries maintain collections that include not only printed materials such as manuscripts, books , newspapers, and magazines, (44)_______ audio-visual and online databases. In addition (45) _____ maintaining collections within library buildings, modern libraries often feature telecommunications links that provide users with access to information at remote sites.
       The central mission of a library (46) _______ to collect , organize, preserve, and provide access to knowledge and information. In fulfilling this mission, libraries preserve a valuable record of culture that can be passed down to (47)_______ generations. Libraries are an essential link in this communication between the past , present, and future. Whether the cultural record is contained in books or in electronic formats, libraries ensure (48) ____ the record is preserved and made available for later use.
        People use library resources to gain information about personal (49)__ or to obtain recreational materials such as films and novels. Students use libraries to supplement and enhance their classroom experiences, to learn (50)_____ in locating sources of information, and to develop good reading and study habits. Public officials use libraries to research legislation and public policy issues. One of the most valued of all cultural institutions, the library (51) ___ information and services that are essential to learning and progress.
From “ Library ( institution)” by Richard S.Halsey et al.
(42)____________
A.from  
B.to
C.in
D.out

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B,C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 42 to 51.
       Library is a collection of books and other informational materials made available to people for reading, study, or reference. The word library comes (42)_________ liber, the Latin word for  “ book” . (43) _____ , library collections have almost always contained a variety of materials. Contemporary libraries maintain collections that include not only printed materials such as manuscripts, books , newspapers, and magazines, (44)_______ audio-visual and online databases. In addition (45) _____ maintaining collections within library buildings, modern libraries often feature telecommunications links that provide users with access to information at remote sites.
       The central mission of a library (46) _______ to collect , organize, preserve, and provide access to knowledge and information. In fulfilling this mission, libraries preserve a valuable record of culture that can be passed down to (47)_______ generations. Libraries are an essential link in this communication between the past , present, and future. Whether the cultural record is contained in books or in electronic formats, libraries ensure (48) ____ the record is preserved and made available for later use.
        People use library resources to gain information about personal (49)__ or to obtain recreational materials such as films and novels. Students use libraries to supplement and enhance their classroom experiences, to learn (50)_____ in locating sources of information, and to develop good reading and study habits. Public officials use libraries to research legislation and public policy issues. One of the most valued of all cultural institutions, the library (51) ___ information and services that are essential to learning and progress.
From “ Library ( institution)” by Richard S.Halsey et al.
(43)_____________
A.However
B.Despite   
C.Instead 
D.Therefore

Mark the letter A, B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word (s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word (s) in each of the following questions
When Susan invited us to dinner , she really showed off her culinary talents. She prepared a feast- a huge selection of dishes that were simply mouth- watering.
A.Relating to  medical knowledge             
B.concerning nutrition and health
C.having to do with food and cooking       
D.involving hygienic conditions and diseases

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B,C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 42 to 51.
       Library is a collection of books and other informational materials made available to people for reading, study, or reference. The word library comes (42)_________ liber, the Latin word for  “ book” . (43) _____ , library collections have almost always contained a variety of materials. Contemporary libraries maintain collections that include not only printed materials such as manuscripts, books , newspapers, and magazines, (44)_______ audio-visual and online databases. In addition (45) _____ maintaining collections within library buildings, modern libraries often feature telecommunications links that provide users with access to information at remote sites.
       The central mission of a library (46) _______ to collect , organize, preserve, and provide access to knowledge and information. In fulfilling this mission, libraries preserve a valuable record of culture that can be passed down to (47)_______ generations. Libraries are an essential link in this communication between the past , present, and future. Whether the cultural record is contained in books or in electronic formats, libraries ensure (48) ____ the record is preserved and made available for later use.
        People use library resources to gain information about personal (49)__ or to obtain recreational materials such as films and novels. Students use libraries to supplement and enhance their classroom experiences, to learn (50)_____ in locating sources of information, and to develop good reading and study habits. Public officials use libraries to research legislation and public policy issues. One of the most valued of all cultural institutions, the library (51) ___ information and services that are essential to learning and progress.
From “ Library ( institution)” by Richard S.Halsey et al.
(51)____________
A.digests
B.applies
C.relates
D.supplies