Choose the word or phrase - A, B, C or D - that best completes the sentence
The meaning from touch is dependent _______ the context, the relationship between communicators, and the manner of touch
A.in
B.from
C.with
D.upon

Read the following passage  and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for  the question  from 41 to 50.
 
ACID DUST
 
“ Calcite- containing dust particles blow into the air and combine with nitric acid in polluted air from factories to form an entirely new particle – calcium nitrate , ” said Alexander Laskin,  a senior  research scientist at the Department of  Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington .These nitrates have optical and chemical properties that are completely different from those of the originally dry dust particles . Due to this, climate models need to be updated to reflect this chemistry. Calcite dust is common in arid areas such as Israel, where scientists collected particles for analysis.
     Working from a mountaintop, the team collected dust that had blown in from the northern shores of Egypt, Sinai, and southern Israel. The particles had combined with air containing pollutants that came from Cairo.They analyzed nearly 2,00 individual particles and observed the physical and chemical changes at the W.R Wiley Environmental Sciences Laboratory.
     A key change in the properties of the newly formed nitrate particles is that they begin to absorb water and  retain the moisture .These wet particles can scatter and absorb sunlight-presenting climate modelers, who need to know where the energy is going , a new wild card to deal with . Companion studies of dust samples from the Sahara and the Saudi coast and loess from China  show that the higher the calcium in the mineral , the more reactive they are in with nitric acid. And once the particle is changed , it stays that way.
         “When dust storms kick up these particles and they enter polluted areas , the particles change ,” Laskin said . “ To what extent this is happening globally , as more of the world  becomes industrialized , we don’t know . But now we have the laboratory and field evidence that shows it is definitely  happening . The story is much more complicated than anybody thought .”
The  word “those ” in paragraph 1 refers to _____.
A.Nitrates 
B.Properties     
C.Particles
D.Models

Read the following passage  and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for  the question  from 41 to 50.
 
ACID DUST
 
“ Calcite- containing dust particles blow into the air and combine with nitric acid in polluted air from factories to form an entirely new particle – calcium nitrate , ” said Alexander Laskin,  a senior  research scientist at the Department of  Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington .These nitrates have optical and chemical properties that are completely different from those of the originally dry dust particles . Due to this, climate models need to be updated to reflect this chemistry. Calcite dust is common in arid areas such as Israel, where scientists collected particles for analysis.
     Working from a mountaintop, the team collected dust that had blown in from the northern shores of Egypt, Sinai, and southern Israel. The particles had combined with air containing pollutants that came from Cairo.They analyzed nearly 2,00 individual particles and observed the physical and chemical changes at the W.R Wiley Environmental Sciences Laboratory.
     A key change in the properties of the newly formed nitrate particles is that they begin to absorb water and  retain the moisture .These wet particles can scatter and absorb sunlight-presenting climate modelers, who need to know where the energy is going , a new wild card to deal with . Companion studies of dust samples from the Sahara and the Saudi coast and loess from China  show that the higher the calcium in the mineral , the more reactive they are in with nitric acid. And once the particle is changed , it stays that way.
         “When dust storms kick up these particles and they enter polluted areas , the particles change ,” Laskin said . “ To what extent this is happening globally , as more of the world  becomes industrialized , we don’t know . But now we have the laboratory and field evidence that shows it is definitely  happening . The story is much more complicated than anybody thought .”
Why does the passage begin with a description of the properties of calcium nitrate ?
A.To give  background information so the reader can understand the topic better.
B.Because calcium nitrate is the main idea.
C.They show how elements combine to create calcium nitrate .
D.To prove the existence of calcium nitrate

Read the following passage  and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for  the question  from 41 to 50.
 
ACID DUST
 
“ Calcite- containing dust particles blow into the air and combine with nitric acid in polluted air from factories to form an entirely new particle – calcium nitrate , ” said Alexander Laskin,  a senior  research scientist at the Department of  Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington .These nitrates have optical and chemical properties that are completely different from those of the originally dry dust particles . Due to this, climate models need to be updated to reflect this chemistry. Calcite dust is common in arid areas such as Israel, where scientists collected particles for analysis.
     Working from a mountaintop, the team collected dust that had blown in from the northern shores of Egypt, Sinai, and southern Israel. The particles had combined with air containing pollutants that came from Cairo.They analyzed nearly 2,00 individual particles and observed the physical and chemical changes at the W.R Wiley Environmental Sciences Laboratory.
     A key change in the properties of the newly formed nitrate particles is that they begin to absorb water and  retain the moisture .These wet particles can scatter and absorb sunlight-presenting climate modelers, who need to know where the energy is going , a new wild card to deal with . Companion studies of dust samples from the Sahara and the Saudi coast and loess from China  show that the higher the calcium in the mineral , the more reactive they are in with nitric acid. And once the particle is changed , it stays that way.
         “When dust storms kick up these particles and they enter polluted areas , the particles change ,” Laskin said . “ To what extent this is happening globally , as more of the world  becomes industrialized , we don’t know . But now we have the laboratory and field evidence that shows it is definitely  happening . The story is much more complicated than anybody thought .”
Which of the following may be true ?
A.The change of an ice age is increased.     
B.We may see more rainbows.
C.The greenhouse effects are increased      
D.Calcite dust is common in arid areas.

Read the following passage  and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for  the question  from 41 to 50.
 
ACID DUST
 
“ Calcite- containing dust particles blow into the air and combine with nitric acid in polluted air from factories to form an entirely new particle – calcium nitrate , ” said Alexander Laskin,  a senior  research scientist at the Department of  Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington .These nitrates have optical and chemical properties that are completely different from those of the originally dry dust particles . Due to this, climate models need to be updated to reflect this chemistry. Calcite dust is common in arid areas such as Israel, where scientists collected particles for analysis.
     Working from a mountaintop, the team collected dust that had blown in from the northern shores of Egypt, Sinai, and southern Israel. The particles had combined with air containing pollutants that came from Cairo.They analyzed nearly 2,00 individual particles and observed the physical and chemical changes at the W.R Wiley Environmental Sciences Laboratory.
     A key change in the properties of the newly formed nitrate particles is that they begin to absorb water and  retain the moisture .These wet particles can scatter and absorb sunlight-presenting climate modelers, who need to know where the energy is going , a new wild card to deal with . Companion studies of dust samples from the Sahara and the Saudi coast and loess from China  show that the higher the calcium in the mineral , the more reactive they are in with nitric acid. And once the particle is changed , it stays that way.
         “When dust storms kick up these particles and they enter polluted areas , the particles change ,” Laskin said . “ To what extent this is happening globally , as more of the world  becomes industrialized , we don’t know . But now we have the laboratory and field evidence that shows it is definitely  happening . The story is much more complicated than anybody thought .”
Do the particles react with nitric acid?
A.No, but they continue to absorb the sun’s energy.
B.No , and the particles do not change.
C.Yes, but the changes are temporary.
D.Yes, and the changes are permanent.

Read the following passage  and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for  the question  from 41 to 50.
 
ACID DUST
 
“ Calcite- containing dust particles blow into the air and combine with nitric acid in polluted air from factories to form an entirely new particle – calcium nitrate , ” said Alexander Laskin,  a senior  research scientist at the Department of  Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington .These nitrates have optical and chemical properties that are completely different from those of the originally dry dust particles . Due to this, climate models need to be updated to reflect this chemistry. Calcite dust is common in arid areas such as Israel, where scientists collected particles for analysis.
     Working from a mountaintop, the team collected dust that had blown in from the northern shores of Egypt, Sinai, and southern Israel. The particles had combined with air containing pollutants that came from Cairo.They analyzed nearly 2,00 individual particles and observed the physical and chemical changes at the W.R Wiley Environmental Sciences Laboratory.
     A key change in the properties of the newly formed nitrate particles is that they begin to absorb water and  retain the moisture .These wet particles can scatter and absorb sunlight-presenting climate modelers, who need to know where the energy is going , a new wild card to deal with . Companion studies of dust samples from the Sahara and the Saudi coast and loess from China  show that the higher the calcium in the mineral , the more reactive they are in with nitric acid. And once the particle is changed , it stays that way.
         “When dust storms kick up these particles and they enter polluted areas , the particles change ,” Laskin said . “ To what extent this is happening globally , as more of the world  becomes industrialized , we don’t know . But now we have the laboratory and field evidence that shows it is definitely  happening . The story is much more complicated than anybody thought .”
Why do climate models need to be updated to reflect the chemistry of calcium nitrate ?
A.The new particles can absorb water and retain moisture.
B.The new particles can scatter and absorb sunlight.
C.To stop acid dust.
D.Both A and B.

Read the following passage  and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for  the question  from 41 to 50.
 
ACID DUST
 
“ Calcite- containing dust particles blow into the air and combine with nitric acid in polluted air from factories to form an entirely new particle – calcium nitrate , ” said Alexander Laskin,  a senior  research scientist at the Department of  Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington .These nitrates have optical and chemical properties that are completely different from those of the originally dry dust particles . Due to this, climate models need to be updated to reflect this chemistry. Calcite dust is common in arid areas such as Israel, where scientists collected particles for analysis.
     Working from a mountaintop, the team collected dust that had blown in from the northern shores of Egypt, Sinai, and southern Israel. The particles had combined with air containing pollutants that came from Cairo.They analyzed nearly 2,00 individual particles and observed the physical and chemical changes at the W.R Wiley Environmental Sciences Laboratory.
     A key change in the properties of the newly formed nitrate particles is that they begin to absorb water and  retain the moisture .These wet particles can scatter and absorb sunlight-presenting climate modelers, who need to know where the energy is going , a new wild card to deal with . Companion studies of dust samples from the Sahara and the Saudi coast and loess from China  show that the higher the calcium in the mineral , the more reactive they are in with nitric acid. And once the particle is changed , it stays that way.
         “When dust storms kick up these particles and they enter polluted areas , the particles change ,” Laskin said . “ To what extent this is happening globally , as more of the world  becomes industrialized , we don’t know . But now we have the laboratory and field evidence that shows it is definitely  happening . The story is much more complicated than anybody thought .”
What is the main idea of the passage ?
A.There is a new particle called calcium nitrate
B.Factories are polluting the environment
C.Climate models have to be updated because of the new particle calcium nitrate.
D.Calcium nitrate has chemical properties different from other dust particles.

Read the following passage  and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for  the question  from 61 to 70.
Sir Anthony Van Dyck, one of the world’s greatest masters of portraiture, was born in Antwerp and was the seventh of twelve children. His affluent father apprenticed him to a painter when he was just a little over ten. Having become a member of the Antwerp Guild of painters before he was nineteen , he worked in the studio of Peter Paul Rubens for several years. In Italy, Van Dyck studied the great Venetian masters and painted flattering portraits of gorgeous ladies and haughty nobles in gilded velvet robes with lace and pearls. While he was sought after by the aristocracy for his acclaimed loose brushwork, his engravings and etchings also evinced his outstanding talent. Upon his return to Antwerp in 1628, he was influenced by Rubens’s interpretation of the artistic form and produced numerous religious paintings while holding an appointment as the court painter. During his tenure, he proved that his use of color, his sensitive elegance, and his remarkable insight were unexcelled.
            His fame preceded him to England, where he was invited by King Charles I. After years of faithful service, he was knighted in recognition of his achievements in painting countless portraits of the king, the queen, the royal children, and the titled nobility of England.
            However, Van Dyck’s greatest piece is one of his religious works, a true masterpiece displayed in the Antwerp gallery. This group scene exhibits his artful polish in painting the folds of fabric, the delicacy of human skin, landscape, and other externals, and puts him above other accomplished contemporary masters. Although Charles paid Van Dyck a salary and granted him a pension, the painter’s extravagant life-style and penchant for luxuries led him into debt, and he died without means.
The author’s tone in the passage can be described as ___________.
A.critical
B.wistful
C.admiring       
D. indifferent

Read the following passage  and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for  the question  from 61 to 70.
Sir Anthony Van Dyck, one of the world’s greatest masters of portraiture, was born in Antwerp and was the seventh of twelve children. His affluent father apprenticed him to a painter when he was just a little over ten. Having become a member of the Antwerp Guild of painters before he was nineteen , he worked in the studio of Peter Paul Rubens for several years. In Italy, Van Dyck studied the great Venetian masters and painted flattering portraits of gorgeous ladies and haughty nobles in gilded velvet robes with lace and pearls. While he was sought after by the aristocracy for his acclaimed loose brushwork, his engravings and etchings also evinced his outstanding talent. Upon his return to Antwerp in 1628, he was influenced by Rubens’s interpretation of the artistic form and produced numerous religious paintings while holding an appointment as the court painter. During his tenure, he proved that his use of color, his sensitive elegance, and his remarkable insight were unexcelled.
            His fame preceded him to England, where he was invited by King Charles I. After years of faithful service, he was knighted in recognition of his achievements in painting countless portraits of the king, the queen, the royal children, and the titled nobility of England.
            However, Van Dyck’s greatest piece is one of his religious works, a true masterpiece displayed in the Antwerp gallery. This group scene exhibits his artful polish in painting the folds of fabric, the delicacy of human skin, landscape, and other externals, and puts him above other accomplished contemporary masters. Although Charles paid Van Dyck a salary and granted him a pension, the painter’s extravagant life-style and penchant for luxuries led him into debt, and he died without means.
What are the reasons given for Van Dyck’s financial decline?
A.His employer’s lack of generosity
B.His ill health and lack of revenue.
C.His lavish spending
D.His miserly attitudes

Read the following passage  and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for  the question  from 61 to 70.
Sir Anthony Van Dyck, one of the world’s greatest masters of portraiture, was born in Antwerp and was the seventh of twelve children. His affluent father apprenticed him to a painter when he was just a little over ten. Having become a member of the Antwerp Guild of painters before he was nineteen , he worked in the studio of Peter Paul Rubens for several years. In Italy, Van Dyck studied the great Venetian masters and painted flattering portraits of gorgeous ladies and haughty nobles in gilded velvet robes with lace and pearls. While he was sought after by the aristocracy for his acclaimed loose brushwork, his engravings and etchings also evinced his outstanding talent. Upon his return to Antwerp in 1628, he was influenced by Rubens’s interpretation of the artistic form and produced numerous religious paintings while holding an appointment as the court painter. During his tenure, he proved that his use of color, his sensitive elegance, and his remarkable insight were unexcelled.
            His fame preceded him to England, where he was invited by King Charles I. After years of faithful service, he was knighted in recognition of his achievements in painting countless portraits of the king, the queen, the royal children, and the titled nobility of England.
            However, Van Dyck’s greatest piece is one of his religious works, a true masterpiece displayed in the Antwerp gallery. This group scene exhibits his artful polish in painting the folds of fabric, the delicacy of human skin, landscape, and other externals, and puts him above other accomplished contemporary masters. Although Charles paid Van Dyck a salary and granted him a pension, the painter’s extravagant life-style and penchant for luxuries led him into debt, and he died without means.
In line 16, the phrase “this group scene” refers to ___________.
A.the Antwerp gallery
B.the masterpiece       
C.Van Dyck’s religious works
D.the titled nobility of England