Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to show the underlined part that needs correction from:
The tongue is the principle (A) organ of taste (B) and is (C) crucial for chewing, swallowed (D)  and speaking
A.principle
B.of taste
C.is
D.swallowed

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to show the underlined part that needs correction from:
A galaxy, where (A) may include billions of (B) stars, is (C) held together (D) by gravitation attraction
A.where 
B.of
C.is
D.together

Choose the word or phrase - A, B, C or D - that best completes the sentence
Those trousers are far too big. Why don’t you have them…?
A.taken out
B.taken in
C.taken over                      
D.taken on

Choose the word or phrase - A, B, C or D - that best completes the sentence
The meaning from touch is dependent _______ the context, the relationship between communicators, and the manner of touch
A.in
B.from
C.with
D.upon

Read the following passage  and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for  the question  from 41 to 50.
 
ACID DUST
 
“ Calcite- containing dust particles blow into the air and combine with nitric acid in polluted air from factories to form an entirely new particle – calcium nitrate , ” said Alexander Laskin,  a senior  research scientist at the Department of  Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington .These nitrates have optical and chemical properties that are completely different from those of the originally dry dust particles . Due to this, climate models need to be updated to reflect this chemistry. Calcite dust is common in arid areas such as Israel, where scientists collected particles for analysis.
     Working from a mountaintop, the team collected dust that had blown in from the northern shores of Egypt, Sinai, and southern Israel. The particles had combined with air containing pollutants that came from Cairo.They analyzed nearly 2,00 individual particles and observed the physical and chemical changes at the W.R Wiley Environmental Sciences Laboratory.
     A key change in the properties of the newly formed nitrate particles is that they begin to absorb water and  retain the moisture .These wet particles can scatter and absorb sunlight-presenting climate modelers, who need to know where the energy is going , a new wild card to deal with . Companion studies of dust samples from the Sahara and the Saudi coast and loess from China  show that the higher the calcium in the mineral , the more reactive they are in with nitric acid. And once the particle is changed , it stays that way.
         “When dust storms kick up these particles and they enter polluted areas , the particles change ,” Laskin said . “ To what extent this is happening globally , as more of the world  becomes industrialized , we don’t know . But now we have the laboratory and field evidence that shows it is definitely  happening . The story is much more complicated than anybody thought .”
The  word “those ” in paragraph 1 refers to _____.
A.Nitrates 
B.Properties     
C.Particles
D.Models

Read the following passage  and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for  the question  from 41 to 50.
 
ACID DUST
 
“ Calcite- containing dust particles blow into the air and combine with nitric acid in polluted air from factories to form an entirely new particle – calcium nitrate , ” said Alexander Laskin,  a senior  research scientist at the Department of  Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington .These nitrates have optical and chemical properties that are completely different from those of the originally dry dust particles . Due to this, climate models need to be updated to reflect this chemistry. Calcite dust is common in arid areas such as Israel, where scientists collected particles for analysis.
     Working from a mountaintop, the team collected dust that had blown in from the northern shores of Egypt, Sinai, and southern Israel. The particles had combined with air containing pollutants that came from Cairo.They analyzed nearly 2,00 individual particles and observed the physical and chemical changes at the W.R Wiley Environmental Sciences Laboratory.
     A key change in the properties of the newly formed nitrate particles is that they begin to absorb water and  retain the moisture .These wet particles can scatter and absorb sunlight-presenting climate modelers, who need to know where the energy is going , a new wild card to deal with . Companion studies of dust samples from the Sahara and the Saudi coast and loess from China  show that the higher the calcium in the mineral , the more reactive they are in with nitric acid. And once the particle is changed , it stays that way.
         “When dust storms kick up these particles and they enter polluted areas , the particles change ,” Laskin said . “ To what extent this is happening globally , as more of the world  becomes industrialized , we don’t know . But now we have the laboratory and field evidence that shows it is definitely  happening . The story is much more complicated than anybody thought .”
Why does the passage begin with a description of the properties of calcium nitrate ?
A.To give  background information so the reader can understand the topic better.
B.Because calcium nitrate is the main idea.
C.They show how elements combine to create calcium nitrate .
D.To prove the existence of calcium nitrate

Read the following passage  and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for  the question  from 41 to 50.
 
ACID DUST
 
“ Calcite- containing dust particles blow into the air and combine with nitric acid in polluted air from factories to form an entirely new particle – calcium nitrate , ” said Alexander Laskin,  a senior  research scientist at the Department of  Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington .These nitrates have optical and chemical properties that are completely different from those of the originally dry dust particles . Due to this, climate models need to be updated to reflect this chemistry. Calcite dust is common in arid areas such as Israel, where scientists collected particles for analysis.
     Working from a mountaintop, the team collected dust that had blown in from the northern shores of Egypt, Sinai, and southern Israel. The particles had combined with air containing pollutants that came from Cairo.They analyzed nearly 2,00 individual particles and observed the physical and chemical changes at the W.R Wiley Environmental Sciences Laboratory.
     A key change in the properties of the newly formed nitrate particles is that they begin to absorb water and  retain the moisture .These wet particles can scatter and absorb sunlight-presenting climate modelers, who need to know where the energy is going , a new wild card to deal with . Companion studies of dust samples from the Sahara and the Saudi coast and loess from China  show that the higher the calcium in the mineral , the more reactive they are in with nitric acid. And once the particle is changed , it stays that way.
         “When dust storms kick up these particles and they enter polluted areas , the particles change ,” Laskin said . “ To what extent this is happening globally , as more of the world  becomes industrialized , we don’t know . But now we have the laboratory and field evidence that shows it is definitely  happening . The story is much more complicated than anybody thought .”
Which of the following may be true ?
A.The change of an ice age is increased.     
B.We may see more rainbows.
C.The greenhouse effects are increased      
D.Calcite dust is common in arid areas.

Read the following passage  and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for  the question  from 41 to 50.
 
ACID DUST
 
“ Calcite- containing dust particles blow into the air and combine with nitric acid in polluted air from factories to form an entirely new particle – calcium nitrate , ” said Alexander Laskin,  a senior  research scientist at the Department of  Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington .These nitrates have optical and chemical properties that are completely different from those of the originally dry dust particles . Due to this, climate models need to be updated to reflect this chemistry. Calcite dust is common in arid areas such as Israel, where scientists collected particles for analysis.
     Working from a mountaintop, the team collected dust that had blown in from the northern shores of Egypt, Sinai, and southern Israel. The particles had combined with air containing pollutants that came from Cairo.They analyzed nearly 2,00 individual particles and observed the physical and chemical changes at the W.R Wiley Environmental Sciences Laboratory.
     A key change in the properties of the newly formed nitrate particles is that they begin to absorb water and  retain the moisture .These wet particles can scatter and absorb sunlight-presenting climate modelers, who need to know where the energy is going , a new wild card to deal with . Companion studies of dust samples from the Sahara and the Saudi coast and loess from China  show that the higher the calcium in the mineral , the more reactive they are in with nitric acid. And once the particle is changed , it stays that way.
         “When dust storms kick up these particles and they enter polluted areas , the particles change ,” Laskin said . “ To what extent this is happening globally , as more of the world  becomes industrialized , we don’t know . But now we have the laboratory and field evidence that shows it is definitely  happening . The story is much more complicated than anybody thought .”
Do the particles react with nitric acid?
A.No, but they continue to absorb the sun’s energy.
B.No , and the particles do not change.
C.Yes, but the changes are temporary.
D.Yes, and the changes are permanent.

Read the following passage  and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for  the question  from 41 to 50.
 
ACID DUST
 
“ Calcite- containing dust particles blow into the air and combine with nitric acid in polluted air from factories to form an entirely new particle – calcium nitrate , ” said Alexander Laskin,  a senior  research scientist at the Department of  Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington .These nitrates have optical and chemical properties that are completely different from those of the originally dry dust particles . Due to this, climate models need to be updated to reflect this chemistry. Calcite dust is common in arid areas such as Israel, where scientists collected particles for analysis.
     Working from a mountaintop, the team collected dust that had blown in from the northern shores of Egypt, Sinai, and southern Israel. The particles had combined with air containing pollutants that came from Cairo.They analyzed nearly 2,00 individual particles and observed the physical and chemical changes at the W.R Wiley Environmental Sciences Laboratory.
     A key change in the properties of the newly formed nitrate particles is that they begin to absorb water and  retain the moisture .These wet particles can scatter and absorb sunlight-presenting climate modelers, who need to know where the energy is going , a new wild card to deal with . Companion studies of dust samples from the Sahara and the Saudi coast and loess from China  show that the higher the calcium in the mineral , the more reactive they are in with nitric acid. And once the particle is changed , it stays that way.
         “When dust storms kick up these particles and they enter polluted areas , the particles change ,” Laskin said . “ To what extent this is happening globally , as more of the world  becomes industrialized , we don’t know . But now we have the laboratory and field evidence that shows it is definitely  happening . The story is much more complicated than anybody thought .”
Why do climate models need to be updated to reflect the chemistry of calcium nitrate ?
A.The new particles can absorb water and retain moisture.
B.The new particles can scatter and absorb sunlight.
C.To stop acid dust.
D.Both A and B.

Read the following passage  and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for  the question  from 41 to 50.
 
ACID DUST
 
“ Calcite- containing dust particles blow into the air and combine with nitric acid in polluted air from factories to form an entirely new particle – calcium nitrate , ” said Alexander Laskin,  a senior  research scientist at the Department of  Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington .These nitrates have optical and chemical properties that are completely different from those of the originally dry dust particles . Due to this, climate models need to be updated to reflect this chemistry. Calcite dust is common in arid areas such as Israel, where scientists collected particles for analysis.
     Working from a mountaintop, the team collected dust that had blown in from the northern shores of Egypt, Sinai, and southern Israel. The particles had combined with air containing pollutants that came from Cairo.They analyzed nearly 2,00 individual particles and observed the physical and chemical changes at the W.R Wiley Environmental Sciences Laboratory.
     A key change in the properties of the newly formed nitrate particles is that they begin to absorb water and  retain the moisture .These wet particles can scatter and absorb sunlight-presenting climate modelers, who need to know where the energy is going , a new wild card to deal with . Companion studies of dust samples from the Sahara and the Saudi coast and loess from China  show that the higher the calcium in the mineral , the more reactive they are in with nitric acid. And once the particle is changed , it stays that way.
         “When dust storms kick up these particles and they enter polluted areas , the particles change ,” Laskin said . “ To what extent this is happening globally , as more of the world  becomes industrialized , we don’t know . But now we have the laboratory and field evidence that shows it is definitely  happening . The story is much more complicated than anybody thought .”
What is the main idea of the passage ?
A.There is a new particle called calcium nitrate
B.Factories are polluting the environment
C.Climate models have to be updated because of the new particle calcium nitrate.
D.Calcium nitrate has chemical properties different from other dust particles.