Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Population growth rates vary among regions and even among countries within the same region.
A.restrain
B.stay unchanged
C.remain unstable
D.fluctuate

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
The economic expansion prompted by the Second World War triggered a spectacular population boom in the West. Of course, the region was no stranger to population booms. Throughout much of its history, western settlement had been characterized by spurts, rather than by a pattern of gradual and steady population growth, beginning with the gold and silver rushes of the 1850's and 1860's. The decade after the First World War - the 1920's - witnessed another major surge of people pouring into the West, particularly into urban areas. But the economic depression of the 1930's brought this expansion to a halt; some of the more sparsely settled parts of the region actually lost population as migrants sought work in more heavily industrialized areas. By 1941 when the United States entered the Second World War and began to mobilize, new job opportunities were created in the western part of the nation.
If the expansion of industries, such as shipbuilding and aircraft manufacturing, was most striking on the pacific coast, it also affected interior cities like Denver, Phoenix, and Salt Lake City. Equally dramatic were the effects of the establishment of aluminum plants in Oregon and Washington and the burgeoning steel industry in Utah and California. The flow of people into these areas provided an enormous impetus to the expansion of the service industries - banks, health care services and schools. Although strained to the limit by the influx of newcomers, western communities welcomed the vast reservoir of new job opportunities. At the same time, the unprecedented expansion of government installations in the West, such as military bases, created thousands of new civilian openings. As land had served as a magnet for western migrants in the late nineteenth century, so wartime mobilization set in motion another major expansion of population. Indeed, it could be said that the entire western United States became a giant boomtown during the Second World War. This was especially true of California. Of the more than eight million people who moved into the West in the decade after 1940, almost one-half went to the Pacific coast. In fact, between 1940 and 1950, California's population surged by more than three million people.
What is the main point of the passage?
A.Industrial growth during the 1940's attracted large numbers of people to the West.
B.The military drew people away from civilian jobs during the 1940's.
C.California dominated the economic growth of the West during the Second World War.
D.The West experienced gradual and steady economic growth from 1900 to 1940.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
The Development of Refrigeration
Cold storage, or refrigeration, is keeping food at temperatures between 32 and 45 degrees F in order to delay the growth of microorganisms - bacteria, molds, and yeast - that cause food to spoil. Refrigeration produces few changes in food, so meats, fish, eggs, milk, fruits, and vegetables keep their original flavor, color, and nutrition. Before artificial refrigeration was invented, people stored perishable food with ice or snow to lengthen its storage time. Preserving food by keeping it in an ice-filled pit is a 4,000-year-old art. Cold storage areas were built in basements, cellars, or caves, lined with wood or straw, and packed with ice. The ice was transported from mountains, or harvested from local lakes or rivers, and delivered in large blocks to homes and businesses.
Artificial refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a substance, container, or enclosed area, to lower its temperature. The heat is moved from the inside of the container to the outside. A refrigerator uses the evaporation of a volatile liquid, or refrigerant, to absorb heat. In most types of refrigerators, the refrigerant is compressed, pumped through a pipe, and allowed to vaporize. As the liquid turns to vapor, it loses heat and gets colder because the molecules of vapor use energy to leave the liquid. The molecules left behind have less energy and so the liquid becomes colder. Thus, the air inside the refrigerator is chilled.
Scientists and inventors from around the world developed artificial refrigeration during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. William Cullen demonstrated artificial refrigeration in Scotland in 1748, when he let ethyl ether boil into a partial vacuum. In 1805, American inventor Oliver Evans designed the first refrigeration machine that used vapor instead of liquid. In 1842, physician John Gorrie used Evans's design to create an air-cooling apparatus to treat yellow-fever patients in a Florida hospital. Gorrie later left his medical practice and experimented with ice making, and in 1851 he was granted the first U.S. patent for mechanical refrigeration. In the same year, an Australian printer, James Harrison, built an ether refrigerator after noticing that when he cleaned his type with ether it became very cold as the ether evaporated. Five years later, Harrison introduced vapor-compression refrigeration to the brewing and meatpacking industries.
Brewing was the first industry in the United States to use mechanical refrigeration extensively, and in the 1870s, commercial refrigeration was primarily directed at breweries. German-born Adolphus Busch was the first to use artificial refrigeration at his brewery in St. Louis. Before refrigeration, brewers stored their beer in caves, and production was constrained by the amount of available cave space. Brewing was strictly a local business since beer was highly perishable and shipping it any distance would result in spoilage. Busch solved the storage problem with the commercial vapor- compression refrigerator. He solved the shipping problem with the newly invented refrigerated railcar, which was insulated with ice bunkers in each end. Air came in on the top, passed through the bunkers, and circulated through the car by gravity. In solving Busch's spoilage and storage problems, refrigeration also revolutionized an entire industry. By 1891, nearly every brewery was equipped with mechanical refrigerating machines.
The refrigerators of today rely on the same basic principle of cooling caused by the rapid evaporation and expansion of gases. Until 1929, refrigerators used toxic gases - ammonia, methyl chloride, and sulfur dioxide - as refrigerants. After those gases accidentally killed several people, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) became the standard refrigerant. However, they were found to be harmful to the earth's ozone layer, so refrigerators now use a refrigerant called HFC 134a, which is less harmful to the ozone.
What is the main reason that people developed methods of refrigeration?
A.They needed to slow the natural processes that cause food to spoil.
B.They wanted to improve the flavor and nutritional value of food.
C.They needed a use for the ice that formed on lakes and rivers.
D.They wanted to expand the production of certain industries.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
A.succeed
B.accept
C.account
D.accident

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
It was not only cold but it also snowed a few days ago.
A.Was it not only cold but it also snowed a few days ago.
B.Not only was it cold but it also snowed a few days ago.
C.It was not only cold but did it also snow a few days ago.
D.Not only it was cold but did it also snow a few days ago.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase for each of the numbered blanks.
TREES FOR LIFE
Trees are among the biggest and longest-living things on Earth, some dating back longer than the oldest buildings. But (38)_______ being nice to look at, trees also play an important role in improving the quality of our lives.
On a world-wide (39)_______, forests help to slow down the effects of global warming by using up the gas known as carbon dioxide and giving (40)_______ the oxygen we need to breathe. At local neighborhood level, trees also (41)_______ important environment benefits. They offer shade and shelter, which in (42)_______ reduces the amount of energy needed to heat and cool nearby buildings; at the same time, they also remove other impurities from the air we breathe.
(40)_______
A.in
B.away
C.up
D.out

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase for each of the numbered blanks.
TREES FOR LIFE
Trees are among the biggest and longest-living things on Earth, some dating back longer than the oldest buildings. But (38)_______ being nice to look at, trees also play an important role in improving the quality of our lives.
On a world-wide (39)_______, forests help to slow down the effects of global warming by using up the gas known as carbon dioxide and giving (40)_______ the oxygen we need to breathe. At local neighborhood level, trees also (41)_______ important environment benefits. They offer shade and shelter, which in (42)_______ reduces the amount of energy needed to heat and cool nearby buildings; at the same time, they also remove other impurities from the air we breathe.
(38)_______
A.as far as
B.as long as
C.as well as
D.as soon as

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions
FOOD CHAINS
Originally, the idea of a "food chain" was developed by a scientist named Charles Elton in 1927. Elton described a general food chain in terms of where plantsand animals get their energy. He started with plants, which get energy from sunlight. Next, plant-eating animals get their energy from eating other plants. At the next level of the chain, meat-eating animals get their energy from eating other animals. Elton's idea of a "chain" related to the concept that all these animals are linked together by what they eat. Anything that affects one part of the chain affects all of the other parts in the chain. The first part of the chain, plants, is called the producer. All of the parts of the chain above the producer are called consumers.
Here is a simple example of a food chain. Grass uses sunlight to produce sugars and proteins so that it can grow. Rabbits eat the grass and get energy from it. Foxes eat rabbits and get energy from them. Foxes are at the "top" of this food chain because nothing eats them. Now imagine that a farmer plows up the field of grass where the rabbits usually eat. Some of the rabbits might die. Others will probably move to another location to find food. In either case, there are fewer rabbits. This means less food for the foxes. Thus, the foxes depend on the grass in a way, even though they don't eat the grass directly.
A In the natural world, of course, there are no simple food chains like this. Rabbits eat lots of plants besides grass. B Foxes eat lots of things besides rabbits. C Additionally, there are lots of other things in nature that eat grass and rabbits! D
However, that does not mean the idea of a simple food chain is not important. Food chains are still a useful concept to consider, even if they are an oversimplification of reality. Take, for example, the case of DDT’s effect on animals. In the 1960s, DDT, a common pesticide at that time, was used a lot by farmers. Farmers only used a little at a time, so large animals were not harmed. However, once DDT was used in a field, it did not go away. Whenever it was used, DDT just stayed in the environment. Eventually, rain washed it into rivers and lakes. Plankton, a tiny water organism, absorbed the DDT. Then, fish ate the plankton. There was not much DDT in one bit of plankton, but small fish consumed many little bits of plankton. Then, larger fish ate lots of the smaller fish. So, the concentration of DDT in the larger fish became higher. Then, birds such as the osprey ate larger quatities of the larger fish.
In the end, compared to the concentration of DDT in plankton, the concentration of DDT in osprey was 10 million times greater! The DDT did not kill the osprey, though. It just made the female osprey lay eggs with very thin shells. The shells were so thin that when the mother sat on the eggs, they broke. Thus the osprey population became greatly reduced before rebounding to today’s levels.
Why did large fish in rivers and lakes have high concentrations of DDT in their bodies?
A.The large fish ate small fish with DDT in them
B.The large fish laid eggs in plankton with DDT in it
C.The large fish naturally produced DDT
D.The large fish swam in water with DDT in it

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions
FOOD CHAINS
Originally, the idea of a "food chain" was developed by a scientist named Charles Elton in 1927. Elton described a general food chain in terms of where plantsand animals get their energy. He started with plants, which get energy from sunlight. Next, plant-eating animals get their energy from eating other plants. At the next level of the chain, meat-eating animals get their energy from eating other animals. Elton's idea of a "chain" related to the concept that all these animals are linked together by what they eat. Anything that affects one part of the chain affects all of the other parts in the chain. The first part of the chain, plants, is called the producer. All of the parts of the chain above the producer are called consumers.
Here is a simple example of a food chain. Grass uses sunlight to produce sugars and proteins so that it can grow. Rabbits eat the grass and get energy from it. Foxes eat rabbits and get energy from them. Foxes are at the "top" of this food chain because nothing eats them. Now imagine that a farmer plows up the field of grass where the rabbits usually eat. Some of the rabbits might die. Others will probably move to another location to find food. In either case, there are fewer rabbits. This means less food for the foxes. Thus, the foxes depend on the grass in a way, even though they don't eat the grass directly.
A In the natural world, of course, there are no simple food chains like this. Rabbits eat lots of plants besides grass. B Foxes eat lots of things besides rabbits. C Additionally, there are lots of other things in nature that eat grass and rabbits! D
However, that does not mean the idea of a simple food chain is not important. Food chains are still a useful concept to consider, even if they are an oversimplification of reality. Take, for example, the case of DDT’s effect on animals. In the 1960s, DDT, a common pesticide at that time, was used a lot by farmers. Farmers only used a little at a time, so large animals were not harmed. However, once DDT was used in a field, it did not go away. Whenever it was used, DDT just stayed in the environment. Eventually, rain washed it into rivers and lakes. Plankton, a tiny water organism, absorbed the DDT. Then, fish ate the plankton. There was not much DDT in one bit of plankton, but small fish consumed many little bits of plankton. Then, larger fish ate lots of the smaller fish. So, the concentration of DDT in the larger fish became higher. Then, birds such as the osprey ate larger quatities of the larger fish.
In the end, compared to the concentration of DDT in plankton, the concentration of DDT in osprey was 10 million times greater! The DDT did not kill the osprey, though. It just made the female osprey lay eggs with very thin shells. The shells were so thin that when the mother sat on the eggs, they broke. Thus the osprey population became greatly reduced before rebounding to today’s levels.
Where would the following sentence best fit in the paragraph 3?
Therefore, when trying to describe the real world, it is more appropriate to think of food webs rather than food chains.
A.A
B.B
C.C
D.D

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions
FOOD CHAINS
Originally, the idea of a "food chain" was developed by a scientist named Charles Elton in 1927. Elton described a general food chain in terms of where plantsand animals get their energy. He started with plants, which get energy from sunlight. Next, plant-eating animals get their energy from eating other plants. At the next level of the chain, meat-eating animals get their energy from eating other animals. Elton's idea of a "chain" related to the concept that all these animals are linked together by what they eat. Anything that affects one part of the chain affects all of the other parts in the chain. The first part of the chain, plants, is called the producer. All of the parts of the chain above the producer are called consumers.
Here is a simple example of a food chain. Grass uses sunlight to produce sugars and proteins so that it can grow. Rabbits eat the grass and get energy from it. Foxes eat rabbits and get energy from them. Foxes are at the "top" of this food chain because nothing eats them. Now imagine that a farmer plows up the field of grass where the rabbits usually eat. Some of the rabbits might die. Others will probably move to another location to find food. In either case, there are fewer rabbits. This means less food for the foxes. Thus, the foxes depend on the grass in a way, even though they don't eat the grass directly.
A In the natural world, of course, there are no simple food chains like this. Rabbits eat lots of plants besides grass. B Foxes eat lots of things besides rabbits. C Additionally, there are lots of other things in nature that eat grass and rabbits! D
However, that does not mean the idea of a simple food chain is not important. Food chains are still a useful concept to consider, even if they are an oversimplification of reality. Take, for example, the case of DDT’s effect on animals. In the 1960s, DDT, a common pesticide at that time, was used a lot by farmers. Farmers only used a little at a time, so large animals were not harmed. However, once DDT was used in a field, it did not go away. Whenever it was used, DDT just stayed in the environment. Eventually, rain washed it into rivers and lakes. Plankton, a tiny water organism, absorbed the DDT. Then, fish ate the plankton. There was not much DDT in one bit of plankton, but small fish consumed many little bits of plankton. Then, larger fish ate lots of the smaller fish. So, the concentration of DDT in the larger fish became higher. Then, birds such as the osprey ate larger quatities of the larger fish.
In the end, compared to the concentration of DDT in plankton, the concentration of DDT in osprey was 10 million times greater! The DDT did not kill the osprey, though. It just made the female osprey lay eggs with very thin shells. The shells were so thin that when the mother sat on the eggs, they broke. Thus the osprey population became greatly reduced before rebounding to today’s levels.
In paragraph 3, what does the author imply?
A.Animals that do not eat other animals
B.How simple food chains are limited
C.The relationship of rabbits and foxes
D.Ways to teach food chains to children