a, She started driving 1 month ago.
→ She has been driving for 1 month ago.
b, He hasn't travellet by air before.
→ This is the first time he has traveller by air.
c, We began eating when it started to rain.
→ We have eaten since it started to rain.
d, She is lazy so she can't pass the exam.
→ If she weren't lazy, she could pass the exam.
e, Study hard or you won't pass the exam.
→ If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exam.