a,
$x=12$
$\to \dfrac{12}{y}=\dfrac{3}{4}$
$\to y=\dfrac{12.4}{3}=16$
b,
$\dfrac{x}{y}=\dfrac{3}{4}$
$\to \dfrac{x}{3}=\dfrac{y}{4}$
$\to \dfrac{2x}{6}=\dfrac{y}{4}$
Theo tính chất dãy tỉ số bằng nhau:
$\dfrac{2x}{6}=\dfrac{y}{4}$
$=\dfrac{2x+y}{6+4}$
$=\dfrac{10}{10}=1$
$\to x=3; y=4$