1) x² -5
= x² - ( √5 )²
= ( x - √5)( x+ √5).
2) x² - 9x + 20
= x² - 4x - 5x + 20
= ( x² - 4x )-( 5x - 20 )
= x( x - 4 ) - 5( x - 4 )
= ( x - 4 )( x- 5 ).
3) 3x² - 3y² -12x( x + y )
= 3( x² - y² ) - 12x( x+y )
= 3( x-y)(x +y) - 12x( x+ y)
= 3( x+y)[ ( x-y ) - 4x ]
= 3(x +y )( x- y -4x )
= 3( x+ y)( -3x - y).