Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects. If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.
Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis ― that is, they become diseased and die ― after being penetrated by a parasite ; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site. Several theories have been put forward to explain the bases of hypersensitive resistance.
Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to the Colorado beetle?




A.Alkaloids
B.Glycosides
C.Resins
D.Tannins

Computer networks enable users to share information with each other.




A.T
B.F
C.NG
D.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
"Why don't you take extra classes in English if you want to become a tourist guide?" said my friend.




A.My friend advised me to take extra classes in English only if I wanted to become a tourist guide.
B.My friend suggested I take extra classes in English if I wanted to become a tourist guide.
C.In my friend's opinion, I will never become a tourist guide if I don't take extra classes in English.
D.In my friend's opinion, taking extra classes in English is necessary if I wanted to become a tourist guide.

According to paragraph 3, an advantage of the inverted pyramid formula for journalists is that _________.




A.if a story is cut by the editor, only the less crucial information will be lost
B.it makes a story more likely to be cut by the editor
C.it makes a story more likely to attract the attention of the audience
D.it makes a story simpler and easier to understand

It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that the author of the passage thinks _______.




A.that watching or reading the news is extremely boring
B.that most news stories are false
C.that most people don't realize how different news is from reality
D.that most people don't pay enough attention to the news

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on the top of the first page to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.
That man was an easy recognized figure with his long, white beard and a wide – brimmed hat.




A.easy
B.wide – brimmed
C.was
D.figure

Read the following passage and write the letter A, B, C or D on the top of the first page to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
The ___(25)____ for many young people today is to communicate with others over the Internet and have a life online. They way they do this is through social networking web sites such as Facebook and Twitter. However, the people who ___(26)____ their lives online are also putting themselves at risk, and they may not even understand how they are doing so.
The key to limiting risk is to keep certain pieces of information private. If you do any banking online, for example, it is important to note that dates of birth are often used as a(n) ____(27)_____ feature by banks. They will need to know your identification number and possibly your address as well, but to ____(28) ____. They will need to know your identification your identity, they might ask you for your date of birth. If a criminal were to gain access to your account number at a bank, and then obtain your address from public records, the one thing that he would not have would be your birth date.
These days, however, a lot of people list their dates of birth openly on Facebook ____(29)____ their friends can wish them well on their birthdays. Unfortunately, doing so could end up being a recipe for disaster.
(28)




A.verify
B.prove
C.clarify
D.determine

“Would you like me to take you to school?” "______"




A.That’s very nice of you.
B.No, please.
C.Yes
D.All are correct.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
What the archaeologists discovered when they opened the tomb was amazing.




A.The discovery made by the archaeologists when they opened the tomb was amazing.
B.The findings upon the opening of the tomb took all archaeologists by surprise.
C.The tomb having been opened, the archaeologists were amazed by their discoveries.
D.Opening the tomb, what was discovered by the archaeologists was amazing.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Most people can remember a phone number for up to thirty seconds. When this short amount of time elapses, however, the numbers are erased from the memory. How did the information get there in the first place? Information that makes its way to the short term memory (STM) does so via the sensory storage area. The brain has a filter which only allows stimuli that is of immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as the working memory.
There is much debate about the capacity and duration of the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes from George A. Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can remember approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number. Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of the short term memory by chunking, or classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can optimize the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed on to long term storage.
When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many people engage in "rote rehearsal". By repeating something over and over again, one is able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as a person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear. When a pen and paper are not handy, people often attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before a person has the opportunity to make a phone call, he will likely forget the number instantly. Therefore, rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from the short term to long term memory. A better way is to practice "elaborate rehearsal". This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre-existing long term memories.
Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable. Retrieving information can be done by recognition or recall. Humans can easily recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used often; however, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting. The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.
Why does the author mention a dog’s bark?




A.To provide a type of interruption
B.To compare another sound that is loud like a doorbell
C.To give an example of a type of memory
D.To prove that dogs have better memories than humans