1.
$A = \dfrac{1}{2} + \left ( \dfrac{1}{2} \right )^{2} + \left ( \dfrac{1}{2} \right )^{3} + ... + \left ( \dfrac{1}{2} \right )^{10}$
$\to 2A = 1 + \dfrac{1}{2} + \left ( \dfrac{1}{2} \right )^{2} + ... + \left ( \dfrac{1}{2} \right )^{9}$
$\to A = 2A - A = 1 - \left ( \dfrac{1}{2} \right )^{10}$
$\to A = \dfrac{1023}{1024}$
2.
$\dfrac{x}{3} = \dfrac{14}{x + 1}$ (ĐK $x \neq -1$)
$\Leftrightarrow x^{2} + x = 42$
$\Leftrightarrow x^{2} + x - 42 = 0$
$\Leftrightarrow x^{2} - 6x + 7x - 42 = 0$
$\Leftrightarrow x(x - 6) + 7(x - 6) = 0$
$\Leftrightarrow (x - 6)(x + 7) = 0$
$\Leftrightarrow \left[ \begin{array}{l}x=6 (TM)\\x=-7 (TM)\end{array} \right.$