1
$9x^{2}$ - 12x + 4 = ($3x)^{2}$ - 2.3x.2 + $2^{2}$ = (3x - $2)^{2}$ = (3x - 2)(3x - 2)
2
2xy + 16 - $x^{2}$ - $y^{2}$ = - $x^{2}$ + 2xy - $y^{2}$ + $4^{2}$ = -($x^{2}$ - 2xy + $y^{2}$) + $4^{2}$ = -(x - $y)^{2}$ + $4^{2}$ = (-((x - $y)^{2}$ - $4^{2}$ )) = (-((x -y -4 )(x - y + 4))) = (-x + y + 4)(-x + y - 4)
3
3x + $2x^{2}$ - 2 = $2x^{2}$ + 3x - 2 = $2x^{2}$ + 4x - 1x - 2 = 2x(x + 2)-(x + 2) = (x + 2)(2x - 1)