Có $a^{2} + 5 = a^{2} - a + a + 5 = a(a - 1) + (a - 1) + 6 = (a - 1)(a + 1) + 6$
$\Rightarrow a^{2} + 5 \vdots a + 1$
$\Leftrightarrow (a - 1)(a + 1) + 6 \vdots a + 1$
$\Leftrightarrow 6 \vdots a + 1$
$\Leftrightarrow a + 1 \in Ư(6) = \left \{ -6; -3; -2; -1; 1; 2; 3; 6 \right \}$
$\Rightarrow a \in \left \{ -7; -4; -3; -2; 0; 1; 2; 5 \right \}$