`1`. In spite of the fact that the government has invested a lot, the air pollution is still a major concern.
`=` Although the goverment has invested a lot, the air polution is still a major concern,
`->` In spite of the fact that + S + V = Although + S + V: mặc dù
`Dịch`: Mặc dù chính phủ đã đầu tư rất nhiều, ô nhiễm không khí vẫn là mối bận tâm.