a; \(\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow-1}\dfrac{x^5+1}{x^3+1}\)

b; \(\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow a}\dfrac{x^n-a^n}{x-a}\)

c; \(\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow1}\dfrac{x+x^2+=.+x^n-n}{x-1}\)

d; \(\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow1}\dfrac{x^{100}-2x+1}{x^{50}-2x+1}\)

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