CHIẾN THUẬT LÀM BÀI ĐỌC HIỂU
*Trong một bài đọc hiểu, chúng ta sẽ thường gặp
những dạng câu hỏi sau:
- Câu hỏi ý chính toàn đoạn
(main idea questions)
- Câu hỏi chi tiết trong đoạn văn
(detail questions)
- Chi tiết được nhắc đến trong
bài (stated detail questions)
- Chi tiết không được nhắc đến
trong bài (unstated detail questions)
- Câu hỏi liên hệ đại từ (refer-to
questions)
- Câu hỏi từ vựng (vocabulary
questions)
- Câu hỏi ngụ ý (inference
questions)
Các dạng câu hỏi và cách làm
sẽ được phân tích như sau:
1. Main idea questions :
Đây thường là câu hỏi đầu tiên trong các bài tập đọc hiểu nhằm
mục đích kiểm tra kĩ năng đọc lướt (skimming) và tìm ý chính trong đoạn văn. Vì
thế, chúng ta đừng quá đi sâu vào chi tiết hay từ mới mà chỉ cần chú ý đến cấu
trúc và những từ khóa (key words) trong
bài mà thôi.
Một số ví dụ cho dạng câu hỏi tìm ý
chính toàn đoạn:
- What is the topic of the
passage?
- What is the subject of the
passage?
- What is the main idea of the
passage?
- What is the author's main point
in the passage?
- With what is the author
primarily concerned?
-
Which of the following would be the best title?
Để trả lời
dạng câu hỏi này, chúng ta làm như sau:
1. Đọc dòng đầu tiên của đoạn văn
2. Tìm mối
liên hệ giữa những dòng đầu tiên của đoạn văn
3. Đọc
lướt qua những dòng còn lại, kiểm tra liệu ý chính của những dòng đầu tiên đó
có đúng với những dòng còn lại hay không. Trong quá trình đọc chú ý đến các từ
khóa được lắp đi lặp lại hay các từ đồng nghĩa
4. Loại bỏ
phương án sai là những phướng án không tìm được thông tin trong bài, trái với
thông tin được nhắc tới trong bài hoặc quá chi tiết
* LƯU Ý:
Thông thường, dạng câu hỏi này sẽ xuất hiện đầu tiên trong hệ thống câu hỏi của
bài đọc. Nếu bạn không muốn mất quá nhiều thời gian để trả lời nó, hãy bỏ qua
và làm những câu tiếp theo. Sau khi hoàn thành hết những câu hỏi, hãy quay trở
lại và hoàn thành câu hỏi vì sau khi tìm kiếm thông tin của bài cho những câu
hỏi khác, chắc chắn bạn có thể nắm được nội dung của bài một cách dễ dàng.
2. Detail
questions:
Đối với
những câu hỏi liên quan đến chi tiết trong bài, có thể làm như sau:
- Tìm và
đánh dấu từ khóa ( keyword) trong câu hỏi
- Đọc qua
đoạn văn và tìm những thông tin, từ khóa có liên quan đến các từ khóa trong câu
hỏi
- So sánh,
đối chiếu thông tin và tìm ra câu trả lời đúng nhất
E.g: Are there intelligent beings
on other planets
in our solar
system? Most scientists do not
think so. If there are, the only likely place is Mars. It is fun to imagine our kind of humans on other worlds, but
they would probably look so different we
might not recognize them as people at
all. Living
things have a wonderful way of adapting themselves to conditions around in
order to stay alive. Plants grow
in the Arctic. Some simple animals can survive being boiled or frozen.
Creatures live in the blackest deeps of the sea under thousands of tons of
pressure.
We cannot
really state that our kind of air is the only kind living things could breathe
or that they must have water
or a certain climate. Creatures
that breathed other gases
or lived in
other temperatures, however, certainly would not
look like us. Are there people anywhere else in the universe? Maybe there are. In our own galaxy, there are billions of stars. Some
must have planets with conditions like those on earth. Somewhere in space,
there could be other thinking beings. If their planets are older, they may know
more than we do. They may
be already traveling in space.
Question: Scientists
think that any intelligent beings on other planets in our solar
system
A. would
live under thousands of tons of pressure.
B. would be very different from us.
C. would
already be traveling in space.
D. would
have adapted themselves to conditions better than we have done
Hướng dẫn:
Ở câu hỏi này, keyword là những cụm từ đã được gạch chân.
Dựa vào đó, ta sẽ tìm thông tin liên quan trong bài đọc. Cụm từ “intelligent
beings on other planets” xuất hiện ở đoạn đầu tiên, ta sẽ dựa vào đoạn này để
tìm ra đáp án thích hợp. Vậy đáp án chính là câu B: Các nhà khoa học nghĩ rằng bất kỳ sinh vật thông minh nào trên
các hành tinh khác trong hệ mặt trời thì rất khác biệt so với chúng ta ( dẫn
chứng đã được highlight ).
3. Stated
và unstated detail questons:
Đối dạng
câu hỏi này, ta thường gặp những chữ như MENTIONED, NOT MENTIONED hay STATED và
UNSTATED trong câu hỏi.
Để giải
quyết dạng câu hỏi này , chúng ta cũng làm theo các bước như dạng câu hỏi
detail questions:
* Câu hỏi chứa từ MENTIONED hoặc STATED: Câu
trả lời nằm trong bài đọc nhưng đã được thay thế bằng từ đồng nghĩa paraphrase
lại câu văn (diễn đạt bằng một câu khác có nghĩa tương đương).
Cách làm:
- Gạch chân từ khóa chính, ý quan trọng
trong câu hỏi
- Dùng kĩ năng Scanning ( đọc nhanh bài viết để tìm kiếm
dữ liệu, thông tin cụ thể cần thiết cho câu trả lời) để tìm đoạn văn chưa thông
tin và các keyword quan trọng
- Đọc kỹ câu chứa keywork và ý trong câu đó một cách cần
thận
- Dùng phương pháp loại trừ, bỏ đi các phương án chắc
chắn sai
* Câu
hỏi chứa NOT MENTIONED hoặc UNSTATED: Sẽ không xuất hiện trong bài
hoặc là một câu trả lời sai so với bài
Cách làm:
- Đọc kỹ câu hỏi và các đáp án, gạch
chân những keyword
- Đọc lướt nhanh để khoanh vùng thông
tin phù hợp với từng keyword
- Đọc kỹ các câu chứa những ý trong phần
lựa chọn
- Loại bỏ những lựa chọn được để cập hoặc đúng với bài đọc, đồng thời chọn câu trả lời còn lại
E.g:
A recent study shows that an unequal
share of houshold chores is still the norm in many households, despite the fact
that many more women now have jobs. In a survey of 1.256 people at ages between
18 and 65, men said they contributes an average of 37% of the total housework,
while the women estimated their share to be nearly double that, at 70%. This ratio
was not affect by whether the woman was working or not.
When they were asked what they thought was a fair division of labor, women with jobs felt that housework should be shared equally between male and female partners. Women who did not work outside the home were satisfied to perform 80% - the majority of the household work – if their husbands did remainder. Research has shown that, if levels increase beyond these percentages, women become unhappy and anxious, and feel they are unimportant.
After
marriage, a woman is reported to increase her household workload by 14 hours
per week, but for men the amount is just 90 minutes. So the division of
labor becomes unbalanced, as a man's share increases much less than the
woman's. It is the inequality and loss of respect, not the actual number
of hours, which leads to anxiety and depression. The research describes
housework as thankless and unfulfilling. Activities included in the study were cooking, cleaning,
shopping, doing laundry, washing up and childcare. Women who have
jobs report that they feel overworked by these chores in addition to
their professional duties. In contrast, full-time homemakers frequently
anticipate going back to work when the children grow up. Distress for this
group is caused by losing the teamwork in the marriage.
In cases
where men perform most of the housework, results were similar. The men also
became depressed by the imbalance of labor. The research showed that the
least distressed people are those who have equal share, implying that men
could perform significantly more chores and even benefit from this.
The research concludes "Everybody benefits from sharing the
housework. Even for women keeping house, a share division of labor is
important. If you decide to stay at home to raise the children, you don't want
to become the servant of the house".
Question: All activities
mentioned in the passage are household chores EXCEPT:
A. childcare B. washing-up
C. shopping D.
taking care of old-aged parents
Hướng
dẫn:
Cũng như các
câu khác, bước đầu tiên chúng ta cần làm là xác định từ khóa. Key words ở câu
hỏi này là những cụm từ đã được gạch chân, dựa vào đó ta có thể tìm được thông
tin của câu hỏi. Dẫn chứng dễ dàng được tìm thấy ở câu cuối, đoạn 3 (đã được
highlight). Ở đây ta thấy childcare, shopping và washing-up (trông trẻ, mua sắm
và giặt giũ) đều được đề cập tới, nên đáp án chính xác sẽ là D (việc chăm sóc
cha mẹ già không được đề cập tới trong đoạn).
4. Refer-to questions:
Đây có thể
được coi là một dạng câu hỏi không mấy khó khăn khi các bạn gặp phải. Để làm
được dạng câu hỏi này một cách chính xác, các bạn cần đọc kỹ và dịch câu trước
và câu sau của câu chứa đại từ được đề cập trong câu hỏi để có thể rút ra kết
luận
E.g: Early artists drawing these animals accomplished a
monumental and difficult task. They did not limit themselves to the
easily accessible walls but carried their painting materials to spaces that
required climbing steep walls or crawling into narrow passages in the Lascaux
complex.
Question:
The word “they” refers to…..
A. Walls B. Animals C.
Materials D. Artists
Hướng
dẫn:
Dịch: những
họa sĩ thời kì đầu vẽ những con vật này đà đạt được một công trình đồ sộ và đầy
khó khăn. Họ không giới hạn mình ở những bức tường dễ tiếp cận mà còn mang vật
liệu của mình đến các nơi đòi hỏi phải leo qua thành hang dốc và trườn qua các
lối đi hẹp trong chuỗi hang động Lascaux
Vậy từ
“they” đây đề cập đến “early artists”, chúng ta chọn đáp án D
5. Vocabulary questions:
Các dạng câu hỏi thường gặp:
- The word “…” in the passage
is closest in meaning to……..
- The word “…” most probably
means……..
- The word “…” can be best
replaced by……..
- The word “…” refers to…….
Nếu bạn không có kiến thức tốt
về mặt từ vựng thì có lẽ dạng câu hỏi này có lẽ sẽ có phần khó khăn. Tuy nhiên,
để đơn giản hóa câu hỏi, bạn nên dịch sơ câu văn có chứa từ vựng được nhắc đến,
thậm chí cả câu trước và sau để có thể đoán được nghĩa của từ và chọn đáp án
thích hợp.
E.g: The explanation for these differences is
complicated. People from Brazilian and North American cultures have different
feelings about lateness. In Brazil, the students believe that a person who
usually arrives late is probably more successful than a person who is always on
time. In fact, Brazilians expect a person with status or prestge to arrive
late, while in the United States, lateness is uasually considered to be
disrespectful and unacceptable. Consequently, if a Brazilian is late for
an appointment with a North America,
the American may misinterpret the reason
for the lateness and become angry
Question: The word “misinterpret”
is closest in meaning to...
A.
mismanage B. misread C.
misunderstand D. misreport
Hướng
dẫn:
Dịch câu chứa từ vựng: “Do đó, nếu một người Brazil bị trễ hẹn với một
người Bắc Mỹ, người Mỹ có thể ....... lý do cho sự chậm trễ và trở nên tức giận.
Dựa vào ngữ cảnh, ta có thể đoán được từ vựng ở đây phải có nghĩa là hiểu sai,
hiểu lầm. Vậy đáp án hợp lý nhất là C (misinterpret
= misunderstand: hiểu lầm)
6. Inference questions:
Đây là một dạng câu hỏi khó, thường hỏi về những thông tin không có trong
bài, đòi hỏi người đọc phải tự suy luận để tìm ra đáp án, áp dụng kiến thức về
main idea, đọc các đáp án, tìm từ khóa ở các đáp án rồi rà soát đọc lại thông
tin liên quan tới từ khóa đó trong bài.
Dạng câu hỏi này thường dựa vào ý hiểu của mình đối với bài, tuy nhiên
chúng ta có thể tìm theo trình tự của bài đọc.
Cách làm:
- Tìm từ khóa then
chốt trong câu hỏi và các đáp án
- Dùng kỹ năng Skimming và Scanning để xác định vị
trí chứa thông tin keyword câu hỏi
- Đọc kỹ câu chứa keyword và ý then
chốt
- Dùng phương pháp loại trừ, bỏ
đi các phương án sai và chọn ra phương án đúng nhất
* Các câu hỏi
thường gặp:
- Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
- Which of the following would be the most reasonable guess about…?
- What is the author’s tone/attitude in this passage?
- It is implied in the passage that …
E.g: Then there is the question of the children. In the past,
many familis got help with child care from grandparents. Now families usually
do not live near there ralatives. The grandparents are often too far away to
help in regular way. More often, parents have to pay for child care help. The
help may be a babysitter or a day-care center. The problem with this kind of
help is the high cost. It is possible only for couples with jobs that pay well
Question: It can be inferred from the paragraph that_______ .
A. couples
with low-paid jobs can’t afford the cost of a babysitter or a care center
B. grandparents can help care the children
in a regular way
C. all couples with jobs can pay for help
from a babysitter or a day-care center
D. in the past, grandparents did not help
the couples with childcare
Hướng dẫn:
Ở đây các
đáp án đã đều được restate lại so với đoạn văn. Thông tin cho câu trả lời nằm ở
câu: “The problem with this kind of help is
the high cost. It is possible only for couples with jobs that pay well”: vấn đề của
sự trợ giúp này (babysitter or a day-care center) là chi phí cao. Nó có thể chỉ
phù hợp với những cặp vợ chồng có lương cao. Từ đó có thể suy ra được đáp
án là A: “có thể suy ra từ đoạn văn rằng những cặp vợ chồng có thu nhập thấp
không thể có đủ tiền để thuê người giữ trẻ hoặc gửi con đến nhà trẻ”. Các
đáp án còn lại đều không đúng với nội dung của đoạn văn.
BÀI TẬP TỰ LUYỆN
(Có
đáp án và giải chi tiết)
Bài đọc 1:
ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVISTS
Paul
Watson is an environmental activist. He is a man who believes that he must do
something, not just talk about doing something. Paul believes in protecting
endangered animals, and he protects them in controversial ways. Some people
think that Watson is a hero and admire him very much. Other people think that
he is a criminal.
On
July 16th, 1979, Paul Watson and his crew were on his ship, which is
called the Sea Shepherd. Watson and the people who work on the Sea Shepherd
were hunting on the Atlantic Ocean near Portugal. However, they had a strange
prey; instead of hunting for animals, their prey was a ship, the Sierra. The
Sea Shepherd found the Sierra, ran into it and sank it. As a result, the Sierra
never returned to the sea. The Sea Shepherd, on the other hand, returned to its
home in Canada. Paul Watson and his workers thought that they had been
successful.
The
Sierra had been a whaling ship, which had operated illegally. The captain and
the crew of the Sierra did not obey any of the international laws that restrict
whaling. Instead, they killed as many whales as they could, quickly cut off the
meat, and froze it. Later, they sold the whale meat in countries where it is
eaten.
Paul
Watson tried to persuade the international whaling commission to stop the
Sierra. However, the commission did very little, and Paul became impatient. He
decided to stop the Sierra and other whaling ships in any bc way that he could.
He offered to pay $25,000 to anyone who sank any illegal whaling ship, and he
sank the Sierra. He acted because he believes that the whales must be
protected. Still, he acted without the approval of the government; therefore, his
actions were controversial.
Paul
Watson is not the only environmental activist. Other men and women are also
fighting to protect the Earth. Like Watson, they do not always have the
approval of their governments, and like Watson, they have become impatient.
Yet, because of their concern for the environment, they will act to protect it.
Question 1: According to the reading, an environmental
activist is someone who ____
A. talks about protecting endangered
species
B. is a hero, like Paul Watson
C. runs into whaling ship
D. does something to protect the Earth
Question 2: The main idea of paragraph one is that
____.
A. Paul Watson is a hero to some
people
B. activists are people who do
something
C. Paul Watson is a controversial
environmental activist
D. Paul Watson does not believe in
talking
Question 3: The Sea Shepherd was hunting ____
A. the Atlantic Ocean
B. whales
C. the Sierra
D. Portugal
Question 4:
The
author implies that Paul Watson lives in ____
A. Portugal
B. a ship on the Atlantic
C. the Sierra
D. Canada
Question 5: The
captain and the crew of the Sierra were acting illegally because ____.
A. they were not obeying international
laws
B. they were whaling
C. they were killing and selling
whales
D. All of the above are correct
Question 6:
In
paragraph 3 the phrase “and froze it” refers to ____.
A. whale meat B. the Sierra C. whales D. the Sierra crew
Question 7: Watson ran into the Sierra because ____ .
A. he wanted to stop the ship’s crew
from whaling
B. he was impatient with the
government’s actions
C. he wanted to protect the whales
from the whalers
D. All of the above are correct
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lời
giải chi tiết:
Câu 1: D
Dẫn chứng: đoạn 1: He is a man who believes that he must
do something, not just talk about doing something. Paul believes in protecting
endangered animals, and he protects them in controversial ways.
Câu 2: C
Dẫn chứng: đoạn 1,
dòng 3-4: some people think that Watson is a hero and admire him very
much. Other people think that he is a criminal.
Câu 3: C
Dẫn chứng: đoạn 2,
dòng 3-4: However, they had a strange prey; instead of hunting for animals, their
prey was a ship, the Sierra.
Câu 4: D
Dẫn chứng: đoạn 2,
dòng 5-6: The Sea Shepherd, on the other hand, returned to its home in
Canada)
Câu 5: C
Dẫn chứng: đoạn 3,
dòng 3-4: Instead, they killed as many as many whales as they could,
quickly cut off the meat, and froze it. Later, they sold the whale meat in
countries where it is eaten)
Câu 6: A (thịt cá
voi)
Câu 7: B
Dẫn chứng : đoạn 4,
dòng 1-2: Paul Watson tried to persuade the international whaling commission to
stop the Sierra. However, the commission đi very little, and Paul became
impatient)
Bài đọc 2:
Lead poisoning in children is a major health concern. Both
low and high doses of paint can have serious effects. Children exposed to high
doses of lead often suffer permanent nerve damage, mental retardation,
blindness, and even death. Low doses of lead can lead to mild mental
retardation, short attention spans, distractibility, poor academic performance,
and behavioral problems.
This is not a new concern. As early as 1904, lead poisoning
in children was linked to lead-based paint. Microscopic lead particles from
paint are absorbed into the bloodstream when children ingest flakes of chipped
paint, plaster, or
paint dust from sanding. Lead can also enter the body through household dust,
nail biting, thumb sucking, or chewing on toys and other objects
painted with lead-based paint. Although American paint companies today must comply
with strict regulations regarding the amount of lead used in their paint, this
source of lead poisoning is still the most common and most dangerous. Children
living in older, dilapidated houses are particularly at risk.
Question 1: What is the main topic of the passage?
A. problems with household paint
B. major health concern for children
C. lead poisoning in children
D. lead paint in other homes
Question 2: Which of the following is closest in meaning to “chipped”?
A. fragmented B. canned C. sprayed D. unhealthy
Question 3: According to the passage, what is the most common source
of lead poisoning in children?
A. household dust B.
lead-based paint
C. painted toys D. dilapidated houses
Question 4: The word “dilapidated” is closest in meaning to which of
the following?
A. poorly painted B.
unpainted
C. fallen down D. broken down
Question 5: Which of the following is not true?
A. Only high dose of lead can have
serious effects.
B. American paint companies today must
comply with strict regulations regarding the amount of lead used in their
paint.
C. Lead poisoning can lead to mental
retardation.
D. Lead poisoning in children was
linked to lead-based paint in the 1990s.
Question 6: What does the author imply in the final sentence of the
passage?
A. Lead-based paint chips off more
easily than newer paints
B. Poor people did not comply with the
regulations
C. Old homes were painted with
lead-based paint
D. Old homes need to be rebuilt in
order to be safe for children
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lời giải chi tiết:
Câu 1: C
Câu chủ đề nằm ở đầu đoạn 1: Lead
poisoning in children is a major health concern.
Câu 2: A
Chipped = fragmented: chứa mảnh vụn nhỏ
Câu 3: B
Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2: As early as 1904,
lead poisoning in children was linked to lead-based paint
Câu 4: D
Dilapidated = broken down: đổ nát, xiêu
vẹo, ọp ẹp (đối với nhà)
Câu 5: A
Đoạn 1, dòng 1-2: Both low and high doses of paint can have
serious effects.
Câu 6: C
Dựa vào câu: ...lead poisoning in
children was linked to lead-based paint
Bài đọc 3
The issue of equality for women in British
society first attracted national attention in the early 20th century, when the
suffragettes won for women the right to vote. In the 1960s feminism became the
subject of intense debate when the women’s liberation movement encouraged women
to reject their traditional supporting role and to demand equal status and
equal rights with men in areas such as employment and pay.
Since then, the gender gap between the
sexes has been reduced. The Equal Pay Act of 1970, for instance, made it
illegal for women to be paid less than men for doing the same work, and in 1975
the Sex Discrimination Act aimed to prevent either sex having an unfair
advantage when applying for jobs. In the same year the Equal Opportunities
Commission was set up to help people claim their rights to equal treatment and
to publish research and statistics to show where improvements in opportunities
for women need to be made. Women now have much better employment opportunities,
though they still tend to get less well-paid jobs than men, and very few are
appointed to top jobs in industry.
In the US the movement that is often
called the “first wave of feminism” began in the mid 1800s. Susan B. Anthony
worked for the right to vote, Margaret Sanger wanted to provide women with the
means of contraception so that they could decide whether or not to have
children, and Elizabeth Blackwell, who had to fight for the chance to become a
doctor, wanted women to have greater opportunities to study. Many feminists
were interested in other social issues.
The second wave of feminism began in the
1960s. Women like Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem became associated with the
fight to get equal rights and opportunities for women under the law. An
important issue was the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), which was intended to
change the Constitution. Although the ERA was not passed, there was progress in
other areas. It became illegal for employers, schools, clubs, etc. to
discriminate against women. But women still find it hard to advance beyond a
certain point in their careers, the so-called glass ceiling that prevents them
from having high-level jobs. Many women also face the problem of the second
shift, i.e. the household chores.
In the 1980s, feminism became less popular
in the US and there was less interest in solving the remaining problems, such
as the fact that most women still earn much less than men. Although there is
still discrimination, the principle that it should not exist is widely
accepted.
Question 1: It
can be inferred from paragraph 1 that in the 19th century, ______.
A. British women did not complete their
traditional supporting role
B. most women did not wish to have equal
status and equal rights
C. British women did not have the right to
vote in political elections
D. suffragettes fought for the equal
employment and equal pay
Question 2: The
phrase “gender gap” in paragraph 2 refers to_____.
A. the visible space between men and women
B. the difference in status between men
and women
C. the social distance between the two
sexes
D. the social relationship between the two
sexes
Question 3: Susan
B. Anthony, Margaret Sanger, and Elizabeth Blackwell
are mentioned as _____.
A. American women who were more successful
than men
B. American women with exceptional
abilities
C. pioneers in the fight for American
women’s rights
D. American women who had greater
opportunities
Question 4: The
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)_____.
A. was not officially approved
B. changed the US Constitution
C. was brought into force in the 1960s
D. supported employers, schools and clubs
Question 5: In
the late 20th century, some information about feminismin Britain was issued by
_____.
A. the Equal Rights Amendment
B. the Equal Pay Act of 1970
C. the Equal Opportunities Commission
D. the Sex Discrimination Act
Question 6: Which
of the following is true according to the passage?
A. The movement of feminism began in the
US earlier than in Britain.
B. The women’s liberation movement in the
world first began in Britain.
C. The US movement of feminism became the most
popular in the late
20th century.
D. The British government passed laws to
support women in the early
20th century.
Question 7: The phrase “glass
ceiling” in paragraph 4 mostly means_______.
A.
an imaginary barrier
B. an overlooked problem
C. a ceiling made of glass
D. a transparent frame
Question 8: It can be inferred from
the passage that______.
A. the belief that sex discrimination
should not exist is not popular in the US
B. women in Britain and the US still fight
for their equal status and equal rights
C. the British government did not approve
of the women’s liberation movement
D. women do not have better employment
opportunities despite their great efforts
Question 9: Which
of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Opportunities for Women Nowadays
B. Women and the Right to Vote
C. The Suffragettes in British Society
D. Feminism in Britain and the US
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lời giải chi tiết:
Câu 1: C
Dẫn chứng: đoạn 1, dòng 1-2: The issue of
equality for women in British society first attracted national attention in the
early 20th century, when the suffragettes won for women the right to vote
Câu 2: B
( gender gap = bất bình đẳng giới
Câu 3: C
Dẫn chứng: đoạn 3: Susan B. Anthony worked
for the right to vote, Margaret Sanger wanted to provide women with the means
of contraception so that they could decide whether or not to have children, and
Elizabeth Blackwell, who had to fight for the chance to become a doctor, wanted
women to have greater opportunities to study
Câu 4: A
Dẫn chứng: đoạn 4, dòng 4: Although the
ERA was not passed
Câu 5: C
Dẫn chứng: đoạn 2: in 1975…In the same
year the Equal Opportunities Commission was set up to help people claim their
rights to equal treatment and to publish research and statistics to show where
improvements in opportunities for women need to be made
Câu 6: A
Dẫn chứng: đoạn 1: in British…. In the
1960s feminism became the subject of intense debate; đoạn 3: In the US the
movement that is often called the “first wave of feminism” began in the mid 1800s
Câu 7: A
An imaginary barrier: hàng rào mang tính
tưởng tượng
Câu 8: B
Dẫn chứng: đoạn 2: Women now have much
better employment opportunities, though they still tend to get less well-paid
jobs than men, and very few are appointed to top jobs in industry; đoạn 4: But
women still find it hard to advance beyond a certain point in their careers,
the so-called glass ceiling that prevents them from having high-level jobs
Câu 9: D
Nội dung bài đọc nói về phong trào đòi quyền
bình đẳng cho phụ nữ ở Anh và Mĩ. Những đáp án còn lại ta đều thấy có yếu tố
chưa hợp lý. Loại A vì bài đọc không nói về những cơ hội cho phụ nữ ngày nay,
loại B vì bài đọc không chỉ nói về quyền được bầu cử, loại C vì không nhắc tới
Mĩ
Bài đọc 4:
When you hear
someone bubbling enthusiastically about an exotic species, you can safely bet
the speaker isn’t an ecologist. This is a name for a resident of an established
community that was deliberately or accidentally moved from its home range and
became established elsewhere. Unlike most imports, which can’t take hold
outside their home range, an exotic species permanently insinuates itself into
a new community.
Sometimes the
additions are harmless and even have beneficial effects. More often, they make
native species endangered species, which by definition are extremely vulnerable
to extinction. Of all species on the rare or endangered lists or that recently
became extinct, close to 70 percent owe their precarious existence or demise to
displacement by exotic species. Two examples are included here to illustrate
the problem.
During the
1800s, British settlers in Australia just couldn’t bond with the koalas and
kangaroos, so they started to import familiar animals from their homeland. In
1859, in what would be the start of a wholesale disaster, a northern Australian
landowner imported and then released two dozen wild European rabbits
(Oryctolagus cuniculus). Good food and good sport hunting – that was the idea.
An ideal rabbit habitat with no natural predators was the reality.
Six years later,
the landowner had killed 20,000 rabbits and was besieged by 20,000 more. The
rabbits displaced livestock, even kangaroos. Now Australia has 200 to 300
million hippityhopping through the southern 4 half of the country. They
overgraze perennial grasses in good times and strip bark from shrubs and trees
during droughts. You know where they’ve been; they transform grasslands and
shrub lands into eroded deserts. They have been shot and poisoned. Their
warrens have been plowed under, fumigated, and dynamited. Even when all-out
assaults reduced their population size by 70 percent, the rapidly reproducing
imports made a comeback in less than a year. Did the construction of a
2,000-mile-long fence protect Western Australia? No. Rabbits made it to the
other side before workers finished the fence.
In 1951, government works introduced a myxoma
virus by way of mildly infected South American rabbits, its normal hosts. This
virus causes myxomatosis. The disease has mild effects on South American
rabbits that coevolved with the virus but nearly always had lethal effects on
O. cuniculus. Biting insects, mainly mosquitoes and flenses against the novel
virus, the European rabbits dies in droves. But, as you might expect, natural
selection has since favored rapid growth of populations of O. cuniculus
resistant to the virus.
In 1991, on an
uninhabited island in Spencer Gulf, Australian researchers released a population
of rabbits that they had injected with a calcivirus. The rabbits died quickly
and relatively painlessly from blood clots in their lungs, hearts, and kidneys.
In 1995, the test virus escaped from the island, possibly on insect vectors. It
has been killing 80 to 95 percent of the adult rabbits in Australian regions.
At this writing, researches are now questioning whether the calcivirus should
be used on a widespread scale, whether it can jump boundaries and infect
animals other than rabbits (such as humans), and what the long – term
consequences will be.
A vine called kudzu (Puerarialobata) was
deliberately imported from Japan to the United States, where it faces no
serious threats from herbivores, pathogens, or competitor plants. In temperate
parts of Asia, it is a well – behaved legume with a well – developed root
system. It seemed like a good idea to use it to control erosion on hills and
highway embankments in the southeastern United States. (A) With nothing to stop
it, though, kudzu’s shoots grew a third of a meter per day. Vines now blanket
stream banks, trees, telephone poles, houses, and almost everything else in
their path. Attempts to dig up or burn kudzu are futile. Grazing goats and
herbicides help, but goats eat other plants, to, and herbicides contaminate
water supplies. (B) Kudzu could reach the Great Lakes by the year 2040.
On the bright
side, a Japanese firm is constructing a kudzu farm and processing plant in
Alabama. The idea is to export the starch to Asia, where the demand currently
exceeds the supply. (C) Also, kudzu may eventually help reduce logging
operations. (D) At the Georgia Institute of Technology, researchers report that
kudzu might become an alternative source for paper.
Question 1: Based on the information in paragraph 1, which of the following best
explains the term “exotic species”?
A. Animals or plants on the rare species list
B. A permanent resident in an established
community
C. A species that has been moved to a
different community
D. An import that fails to thrive outside of its
home range
Question 2: The word “bond” is closest in meaning to…
A. move B. connect C. live D. fight
Question 3: Why did the plan to introduce rabbits in Australia fail?
A. The rabbits were infected with a
contagious virus
B. Most Australian did not like the rabbits
C. No natural predators controlled the rabbit
population
D. Hunters killed the rabbits for sports and
for food
Question 4: All of the following methods were used to control the
rabbit population in Australia EXCEPT
A. They were poisoned C. Their habitats
were burried
B. They were moved to deserts D. They were surrounded by
fences
Question 5: Why does the author mention mosquitoes and fleas in
paragraph 5
A. Because they are the origin of the myxoma
virus
B. Because they carry the myxoma virus to
other animals
C. Because they die when they are infected by
myxoma
D. Because they have an immunity to the
myxoma virus
Question 6: According to paragraph 6, the Spencer Gulf experiment was dangerous because
A. insect populations were exposed to a virus
B. rabbits on the island died from a virus
C. the virus may be a threat to humans
D. some animals are immune to the virus
Question 7: Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the author’s
opinion about exotic species?
A. Exotic species should be protected by
ecologists
B. Importing an exotic species can solve many
problems
C. Ecologists should make the decision to
import an exotic species
D. Exotic species are often disruptive to the
ecology
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lời giải chi tiết:
Câu 1: C
Dẫn chứng: đoạn
1: This is a name for a resident of an established community that was
deliberately or accidentally moved from its home range and became established
elsewhere.
Câu 2: B
bond = connect:
kết nối
Câu 3: C
Dẫn chứng: đoạn
3: An ideal rabbit habitat with no natural predators was the reality.
Câu 4: B
Các đáp án A,C,D
ta đều có thể tìm thấy dẫn chứng ở trong bài, do đó ta chọn B
Câu 5: B
Dẫn chứng: đoạn
5: But, as you might expect, natural selection has since favored rapid growth
of populations of O. cuniculus resistant to the virus.
Câu 6: C
Dẫn chứng: At
this writing, researches are now questioning whether the calcivirus should be
used on a widespread scale, whether it can jump boundaries and infect animals
other than rabbits (such as humans)
Câu 7: D
Dẫn chứng:
đoạn 2: Of all species on the rare or endangered lists or that recently became
extinct, close to 70 percent owe their precarious existence or demise to displacement
by exotic species
